prefect.main

Flow

Bases: Generic[P, R]

A Prefect workflow definition.

Note

We recommend using the @flow decorator for most use-cases.

Wraps a function with an entrypoint to the Prefect engine. To preserve the input and output types, we use the generic type variables P and R for "Parameters" and "Returns" respectively.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
fn	Callable[P, R]	The function defining the workflow.	required
name	Optional[str]	An optional name for the flow; if not provided, the name will be inferred from the given function.	None
version	Optional[str]	An optional version string for the flow; if not provided, we will attempt to create a version string as a hash of the file containing the wrapped function; if the file cannot be located, the version will be null.	None
flow_run_name	Optional[Union[Callable[[], str], str]]	An optional name to distinguish runs of this flow; this name can be provided as a string template with the flow's parameters as variables, or a function that returns a string.	None
task_runner	Union[Type[TaskRunner], TaskRunner, None]	An optional task runner to use for task execution within the flow; if not provided, a ThreadPoolTaskRunner will be used.	None
description	Optional[str]	An optional string description for the flow; if not provided, the description will be pulled from the docstring for the decorated function.	None
timeout_seconds	Union[int, float, None]	An optional number of seconds indicating a maximum runtime for the flow. If the flow exceeds this runtime, it will be marked as failed. Flow execution may continue until the next task is called.	None
validate_parameters	bool	By default, parameters passed to flows are validated by Pydantic. This will check that input values conform to the annotated types on the function. Where possible, values will be coerced into the correct type; for example, if a parameter is defined as x: int and "5" is passed, it will be resolved to 5. If set to False, no validation will be performed on flow parameters.	True
retries	Optional[int]	An optional number of times to retry on flow run failure.	None
retry_delay_seconds	Optional[Union[int, float]]	An optional number of seconds to wait before retrying the flow after failure. This is only applicable if retries is nonzero.	None
persist_result	Optional[bool]	An optional toggle indicating whether the result of this flow should be persisted to result storage. Defaults to None, which indicates that Prefect should choose whether the result should be persisted depending on the features being used.	None
result_storage	Optional[Union[ResultStorage, str]]	An optional block to use to persist the result of this flow. This value will be used as the default for any tasks in this flow. If not provided, the local file system will be used unless called as a subflow, at which point the default will be loaded from the parent flow.	None
result_serializer	Optional[ResultSerializer]	An optional serializer to use to serialize the result of this flow for persistence. This value will be used as the default for any tasks in this flow. If not provided, the value of PREFECT_RESULTS_DEFAULT_SERIALIZER will be used unless called as a subflow, at which point the default will be loaded from the parent flow.	None
on_failure	Optional[List[Callable[[Flow, FlowRun, State], None]]]	An optional list of callables to run when the flow enters a failed state.	None
on_completion	Optional[List[Callable[[Flow, FlowRun, State], None]]]	An optional list of callables to run when the flow enters a completed state.	None
on_cancellation	Optional[List[Callable[[Flow, FlowRun, State], None]]]	An optional list of callables to run when the flow enters a cancelling state.	None
on_crashed	Optional[List[Callable[[Flow, FlowRun, State], None]]]	An optional list of callables to run when the flow enters a crashed state.	None
on_running	Optional[List[Callable[[Flow, FlowRun, State], None]]]	An optional list of callables to run when the flow enters a running state.	None

Source code in src/prefect/flows.py

class Flow(Generic[P, R]):
    """
    A Prefect workflow definition.

    !!! note
        We recommend using the [`@flow` decorator][prefect.flows.flow] for most use-cases.

    Wraps a function with an entrypoint to the Prefect engine. To preserve the input
    and output types, we use the generic type variables `P` and `R` for "Parameters" and
    "Returns" respectively.

    Args:
        fn: The function defining the workflow.
        name: An optional name for the flow; if not provided, the name will be inferred
            from the given function.
        version: An optional version string for the flow; if not provided, we will
            attempt to create a version string as a hash of the file containing the
            wrapped function; if the file cannot be located, the version will be null.
        flow_run_name: An optional name to distinguish runs of this flow; this name can
            be provided as a string template with the flow's parameters as variables,
            or a function that returns a string.
        task_runner: An optional task runner to use for task execution within the flow;
            if not provided, a `ThreadPoolTaskRunner` will be used.
        description: An optional string description for the flow; if not provided, the
            description will be pulled from the docstring for the decorated function.
        timeout_seconds: An optional number of seconds indicating a maximum runtime for
            the flow. If the flow exceeds this runtime, it will be marked as failed.
            Flow execution may continue until the next task is called.
        validate_parameters: By default, parameters passed to flows are validated by
            Pydantic. This will check that input values conform to the annotated types
            on the function. Where possible, values will be coerced into the correct
            type; for example, if a parameter is defined as `x: int` and "5" is passed,
            it will be resolved to `5`. If set to `False`, no validation will be
            performed on flow parameters.
        retries: An optional number of times to retry on flow run failure.
        retry_delay_seconds: An optional number of seconds to wait before retrying the
            flow after failure. This is only applicable if `retries` is nonzero.
        persist_result: An optional toggle indicating whether the result of this flow
            should be persisted to result storage. Defaults to `None`, which indicates
            that Prefect should choose whether the result should be persisted depending on
            the features being used.
        result_storage: An optional block to use to persist the result of this flow.
            This value will be used as the default for any tasks in this flow.
            If not provided, the local file system will be used unless called as
            a subflow, at which point the default will be loaded from the parent flow.
        result_serializer: An optional serializer to use to serialize the result of this
            flow for persistence. This value will be used as the default for any tasks
            in this flow. If not provided, the value of `PREFECT_RESULTS_DEFAULT_SERIALIZER`
            will be used unless called as a subflow, at which point the default will be
            loaded from the parent flow.
        on_failure: An optional list of callables to run when the flow enters a failed state.
        on_completion: An optional list of callables to run when the flow enters a completed state.
        on_cancellation: An optional list of callables to run when the flow enters a cancelling state.
        on_crashed: An optional list of callables to run when the flow enters a crashed state.
        on_running: An optional list of callables to run when the flow enters a running state.
    """

    # NOTE: These parameters (types, defaults, and docstrings) should be duplicated
    #       exactly in the @flow decorator
    def __init__(
        self,
        fn: Callable[P, R],
        name: Optional[str] = None,
        version: Optional[str] = None,
        flow_run_name: Optional[Union[Callable[[], str], str]] = None,
        retries: Optional[int] = None,
        retry_delay_seconds: Optional[Union[int, float]] = None,
        task_runner: Union[Type[TaskRunner], TaskRunner, None] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        timeout_seconds: Union[int, float, None] = None,
        validate_parameters: bool = True,
        persist_result: Optional[bool] = None,
        result_storage: Optional[Union[ResultStorage, str]] = None,
        result_serializer: Optional[ResultSerializer] = None,
        cache_result_in_memory: bool = True,
        log_prints: Optional[bool] = None,
        on_completion: Optional[
            List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]
        ] = None,
        on_failure: Optional[List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]] = None,
        on_cancellation: Optional[
            List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]
        ] = None,
        on_crashed: Optional[List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]] = None,
        on_running: Optional[List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]] = None,
    ):
        if name is not None and not isinstance(name, str):
            raise TypeError(
                "Expected string for flow parameter 'name'; got {} instead. {}".format(
                    type(name).__name__,
                    (
                        "Perhaps you meant to call it? e.g."
                        " '@flow(name=get_flow_run_name())'"
                        if callable(name)
                        else ""
                    ),
                )
            )

        # Validate if hook passed is list and contains callables
        hook_categories = [
            on_completion,
            on_failure,
            on_cancellation,
            on_crashed,
            on_running,
        ]
        hook_names = [
            "on_completion",
            "on_failure",
            "on_cancellation",
            "on_crashed",
            "on_running",
        ]
        for hooks, hook_name in zip(hook_categories, hook_names):
            if hooks is not None:
                try:
                    hooks = list(hooks)
                except TypeError:
                    raise TypeError(
                        f"Expected iterable for '{hook_name}'; got"
                        f" {type(hooks).__name__} instead. Please provide a list of"
                        f" hooks to '{hook_name}':\n\n"
                        f"@flow({hook_name}=[hook1, hook2])\ndef"
                        " my_flow():\n\tpass"
                    )

                for hook in hooks:
                    if not callable(hook):
                        raise TypeError(
                            f"Expected callables in '{hook_name}'; got"
                            f" {type(hook).__name__} instead. Please provide a list of"
                            f" hooks to '{hook_name}':\n\n"
                            f"@flow({hook_name}=[hook1, hook2])\ndef"
                            " my_flow():\n\tpass"
                        )

        if not callable(fn):
            raise TypeError("'fn' must be callable")

        # Validate name if given
        if name:
            _raise_on_name_with_banned_characters(name)

        self.name = name or fn.__name__.replace("_", "-")

        if flow_run_name is not None:
            if not isinstance(flow_run_name, str) and not callable(flow_run_name):
                raise TypeError(
                    "Expected string or callable for 'flow_run_name'; got"
                    f" {type(flow_run_name).__name__} instead."
                )
        self.flow_run_name = flow_run_name

        default_task_runner = ThreadPoolTaskRunner()
        task_runner = task_runner or default_task_runner
        self.task_runner = (
            task_runner() if isinstance(task_runner, type) else task_runner
        )

        self.log_prints = log_prints

        self.description = description or inspect.getdoc(fn)
        update_wrapper(self, fn)
        self.fn = fn

        # the flow is considered async if its function is async or an async
        # generator
        self.isasync = inspect.iscoroutinefunction(
            self.fn
        ) or inspect.isasyncgenfunction(self.fn)

        # the flow is considered a generator if its function is a generator or
        # an async generator
        self.isgenerator = inspect.isgeneratorfunction(
            self.fn
        ) or inspect.isasyncgenfunction(self.fn)

        raise_for_reserved_arguments(self.fn, ["return_state", "wait_for"])

        # Version defaults to a hash of the function's file
        flow_file = inspect.getsourcefile(self.fn)
        if not version:
            try:
                version = file_hash(flow_file)
            except (FileNotFoundError, TypeError, OSError):
                pass  # `getsourcefile` can return null values and "<stdin>" for objects in repls
        self.version = version

        self.timeout_seconds = float(timeout_seconds) if timeout_seconds else None

        # FlowRunPolicy settings
        # TODO: We can instantiate a `FlowRunPolicy` and add Pydantic bound checks to
        #       validate that the user passes positive numbers here
        self.retries = (
            retries if retries is not None else PREFECT_FLOW_DEFAULT_RETRIES.value()
        )

        self.retry_delay_seconds = (
            retry_delay_seconds
            if retry_delay_seconds is not None
            else PREFECT_FLOW_DEFAULT_RETRY_DELAY_SECONDS.value()
        )

        self.parameters = parameter_schema(self.fn)
        self.should_validate_parameters = validate_parameters

        if self.should_validate_parameters:
            # Try to create the validated function now so that incompatibility can be
            # raised at declaration time rather than at runtime
            # We cannot, however, store the validated function on the flow because it
            # is not picklable in some environments
            try:
                ValidatedFunction(self.fn, config={"arbitrary_types_allowed": True})
            except ConfigError as exc:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Flow function is not compatible with `validate_parameters`. "
                    "Disable validation or change the argument names."
                ) from exc

        # result persistence settings
        if persist_result is None:
            if result_storage is not None or result_serializer is not None:
                persist_result = True

        self.persist_result = persist_result
        if result_storage and not isinstance(result_storage, str):
            if getattr(result_storage, "_block_document_id", None) is None:
                raise TypeError(
                    "Result storage configuration must be persisted server-side."
                    " Please call `.save()` on your block before passing it in."
                )
        self.result_storage = result_storage
        self.result_serializer = result_serializer
        self.cache_result_in_memory = cache_result_in_memory
        self.on_completion_hooks = on_completion or []
        self.on_failure_hooks = on_failure or []
        self.on_cancellation_hooks = on_cancellation or []
        self.on_crashed_hooks = on_crashed or []
        self.on_running_hooks = on_running or []

        # Used for flows loaded from remote storage
        self._storage: Optional["RunnerStorage"] = None
        self._entrypoint: Optional[str] = None

        module = fn.__module__
        if module in ("__main__", "__prefect_loader__"):
            module_name = inspect.getfile(fn)
            module = module_name if module_name != "__main__" else module

        self._entrypoint = f"{module}:{fn.__name__}"

    @property
    def ismethod(self) -> bool:
        return hasattr(self.fn, "__prefect_self__")

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        """
        Implement the descriptor protocol so that the flow can be used as an instance method.
        When an instance method is loaded, this method is called with the "self" instance as
        an argument. We return a copy of the flow with that instance bound to the flow's function.
        """

        # if no instance is provided, it's being accessed on the class
        if instance is None:
            return self

        # if the flow is being accessed on an instance, bind the instance to the __prefect_self__ attribute
        # of the flow's function. This will allow it to be automatically added to the flow's parameters
        else:
            bound_flow = copy(self)
            bound_flow.fn.__prefect_self__ = instance
            return bound_flow

    def with_options(
        self,
        *,
        name: Optional[str] = None,
        version: Optional[str] = None,
        retries: Optional[int] = None,
        retry_delay_seconds: Optional[Union[int, float]] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        flow_run_name: Optional[Union[Callable[[], str], str]] = None,
        task_runner: Union[Type[TaskRunner], TaskRunner, None] = None,
        timeout_seconds: Union[int, float, None] = None,
        validate_parameters: Optional[bool] = None,
        persist_result: Optional[bool] = NotSet,  # type: ignore
        result_storage: Optional[ResultStorage] = NotSet,  # type: ignore
        result_serializer: Optional[ResultSerializer] = NotSet,  # type: ignore
        cache_result_in_memory: Optional[bool] = None,
        log_prints: Optional[bool] = NotSet,  # type: ignore
        on_completion: Optional[
            List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]
        ] = None,
        on_failure: Optional[List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]] = None,
        on_cancellation: Optional[
            List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]
        ] = None,
        on_crashed: Optional[List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]] = None,
        on_running: Optional[List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]] = None,
    ) -> Self:
        """
        Create a new flow from the current object, updating provided options.

        Args:
            name: A new name for the flow.
            version: A new version for the flow.
            description: A new description for the flow.
            flow_run_name: An optional name to distinguish runs of this flow; this name
                can be provided as a string template with the flow's parameters as variables,
                or a function that returns a string.
            task_runner: A new task runner for the flow.
            timeout_seconds: A new number of seconds to fail the flow after if still
                running.
            validate_parameters: A new value indicating if flow calls should validate
                given parameters.
            retries: A new number of times to retry on flow run failure.
            retry_delay_seconds: A new number of seconds to wait before retrying the
                flow after failure. This is only applicable if `retries` is nonzero.
            persist_result: A new option for enabling or disabling result persistence.
            result_storage: A new storage type to use for results.
            result_serializer: A new serializer to use for results.
            cache_result_in_memory: A new value indicating if the flow's result should
                be cached in memory.
            on_failure: A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a failed state.
            on_completion: A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a completed state.
            on_cancellation: A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a cancelling state.
            on_crashed: A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a crashed state.
            on_running: A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a running state.

        Returns:
            A new `Flow` instance.

        Examples:

            Create a new flow from an existing flow and update the name:

            >>> @flow(name="My flow")
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     return 1
            >>>
            >>> new_flow = my_flow.with_options(name="My new flow")

            Create a new flow from an existing flow, update the task runner, and call
            it without an intermediate variable:

            >>> from prefect.task_runners import ThreadPoolTaskRunner
            >>>
            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow(x, y):
            >>>     return x + y
            >>>
            >>> state = my_flow.with_options(task_runner=ThreadPoolTaskRunner)(1, 3)
            >>> assert state.result() == 4
        """
        new_flow = Flow(
            fn=self.fn,
            name=name or self.name,
            description=description or self.description,
            flow_run_name=flow_run_name or self.flow_run_name,
            version=version or self.version,
            task_runner=task_runner or self.task_runner,
            retries=retries if retries is not None else self.retries,
            retry_delay_seconds=(
                retry_delay_seconds
                if retry_delay_seconds is not None
                else self.retry_delay_seconds
            ),
            timeout_seconds=(
                timeout_seconds if timeout_seconds is not None else self.timeout_seconds
            ),
            validate_parameters=(
                validate_parameters
                if validate_parameters is not None
                else self.should_validate_parameters
            ),
            persist_result=(
                persist_result if persist_result is not NotSet else self.persist_result
            ),
            result_storage=(
                result_storage if result_storage is not NotSet else self.result_storage
            ),
            result_serializer=(
                result_serializer
                if result_serializer is not NotSet
                else self.result_serializer
            ),
            cache_result_in_memory=(
                cache_result_in_memory
                if cache_result_in_memory is not None
                else self.cache_result_in_memory
            ),
            log_prints=log_prints if log_prints is not NotSet else self.log_prints,
            on_completion=on_completion or self.on_completion_hooks,
            on_failure=on_failure or self.on_failure_hooks,
            on_cancellation=on_cancellation or self.on_cancellation_hooks,
            on_crashed=on_crashed or self.on_crashed_hooks,
            on_running=on_running or self.on_running_hooks,
        )
        new_flow._storage = self._storage
        new_flow._entrypoint = self._entrypoint
        return new_flow

    def validate_parameters(self, parameters: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """
        Validate parameters for compatibility with the flow by attempting to cast the inputs to the
        associated types specified by the function's type annotations.

        Returns:
            A new dict of parameters that have been cast to the appropriate types

        Raises:
            ParameterTypeError: if the provided parameters are not valid
        """

        def resolve_block_reference(data: Any) -> Any:
            if isinstance(data, dict) and "$ref" in data:
                return Block.load_from_ref(data["$ref"])
            return data

        try:
            parameters = visit_collection(
                parameters, resolve_block_reference, return_data=True
            )
        except (ValueError, RuntimeError) as exc:
            raise ParameterTypeError(
                "Failed to resolve block references in parameters."
            ) from exc

        args, kwargs = parameters_to_args_kwargs(self.fn, parameters)

        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings(
                "ignore", category=pydantic.warnings.PydanticDeprecatedSince20
            )
            has_v1_models = any(isinstance(o, V1BaseModel) for o in args) or any(
                isinstance(o, V1BaseModel) for o in kwargs.values()
            )

        has_v2_types = any(is_v2_type(o) for o in args) or any(
            is_v2_type(o) for o in kwargs.values()
        )

        if has_v1_models and has_v2_types:
            raise ParameterTypeError(
                "Cannot mix Pydantic v1 and v2 types as arguments to a flow."
            )

        if has_v1_models:
            validated_fn = V1ValidatedFunction(
                self.fn, config={"arbitrary_types_allowed": True}
            )
        else:
            validated_fn = V2ValidatedFunction(
                self.fn, config=pydantic.ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
            )

        try:
            with warnings.catch_warnings():
                warnings.filterwarnings(
                    "ignore", category=pydantic.warnings.PydanticDeprecatedSince20
                )
                model = validated_fn.init_model_instance(*args, **kwargs)
        except pydantic.ValidationError as exc:
            # We capture the pydantic exception and raise our own because the pydantic
            # exception is not picklable when using a cythonized pydantic installation
            logger.error(
                f"Parameter validation failed for flow {self.name!r}: {exc.errors()}"
                f"\nParameters: {parameters}"
            )
            raise ParameterTypeError.from_validation_error(exc) from None

        # Get the updated parameter dict with cast values from the model
        cast_parameters = {
            k: v
            for k, v in dict(model).items()
            if k in model.model_fields_set or model.model_fields[k].default_factory
        }
        return cast_parameters

    def serialize_parameters(self, parameters: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """
        Convert parameters to a serializable form.

        Uses FastAPI's `jsonable_encoder` to convert to JSON compatible objects without
        converting everything directly to a string. This maintains basic types like
        integers during API roundtrips.
        """
        serialized_parameters = {}
        for key, value in parameters.items():
            # do not serialize the bound self object
            if self.ismethod and value is self.fn.__prefect_self__:
                continue
            if isinstance(value, (PrefectFuture, State)):
                # Don't call jsonable_encoder() on a PrefectFuture or State to
                # avoid triggering a __getitem__ call
                serialized_parameters[key] = f"<{type(value).__name__}>"
                continue
            try:
                serialized_parameters[key] = jsonable_encoder(value)
            except (TypeError, ValueError):
                logger.debug(
                    f"Parameter {key!r} for flow {self.name!r} is unserializable. "
                    f"Type {type(value).__name__!r} and will not be stored "
                    "in the backend."
                )
                serialized_parameters[key] = f"<{type(value).__name__}>"
        return serialized_parameters

    @sync_compatible
    async def to_deployment(
        self,
        name: str,
        interval: Optional[
            Union[
                Iterable[Union[int, float, datetime.timedelta]],
                int,
                float,
                datetime.timedelta,
            ]
        ] = None,
        cron: Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]] = None,
        rrule: Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]] = None,
        paused: Optional[bool] = None,
        schedules: Optional["FlexibleScheduleList"] = None,
        concurrency_limit: Optional[int] = None,
        parameters: Optional[dict] = None,
        triggers: Optional[List[Union[DeploymentTriggerTypes, TriggerTypes]]] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        version: Optional[str] = None,
        enforce_parameter_schema: bool = True,
        work_pool_name: Optional[str] = None,
        work_queue_name: Optional[str] = None,
        job_variables: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        entrypoint_type: EntrypointType = EntrypointType.FILE_PATH,
    ) -> "RunnerDeployment":
        """
        Creates a runner deployment object for this flow.

        Args:
            name: The name to give the created deployment.
            interval: An interval on which to execute the new deployment. Accepts either a number
                or a timedelta object. If a number is given, it will be interpreted as seconds.
            cron: A cron schedule of when to execute runs of this deployment.
            rrule: An rrule schedule of when to execute runs of this deployment.
            paused: Whether or not to set this deployment as paused.
            schedules: A list of schedule objects defining when to execute runs of this deployment.
                Used to define multiple schedules or additional scheduling options such as `timezone`.
            concurrency_limit: The maximum number of runs of this deployment that can run at the same time.
            parameters: A dictionary of default parameter values to pass to runs of this deployment.
            triggers: A list of triggers that will kick off runs of this deployment.
            description: A description for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's
                description if not provided.
            tags: A list of tags to associate with the created deployment for organizational
                purposes.
            version: A version for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's version.
            enforce_parameter_schema: Whether or not the Prefect API should enforce the
                parameter schema for the created deployment.
            work_pool_name: The name of the work pool to use for this deployment.
            work_queue_name: The name of the work queue to use for this deployment's scheduled runs.
                If not provided the default work queue for the work pool will be used.
            job_variables: Settings used to override the values specified default base job template
                of the chosen work pool. Refer to the base job template of the chosen work pool for
            entrypoint_type: Type of entrypoint to use for the deployment. When using a module path
                entrypoint, ensure that the module will be importable in the execution environment.

        Examples:
            Prepare two deployments and serve them:

            ```python
            from prefect import flow, serve

            @flow
            def my_flow(name):
                print(f"hello {name}")

            @flow
            def my_other_flow(name):
                print(f"goodbye {name}")

            if __name__ == "__main__":
                hello_deploy = my_flow.to_deployment("hello", tags=["dev"])
                bye_deploy = my_other_flow.to_deployment("goodbye", tags=["dev"])
                serve(hello_deploy, bye_deploy)
            ```
        """
        from prefect.deployments.runner import RunnerDeployment

        if not name.endswith(".py"):
            _raise_on_name_with_banned_characters(name)

        if self._storage and self._entrypoint:
            return await RunnerDeployment.from_storage(
                storage=self._storage,
                entrypoint=self._entrypoint,
                name=name,
                interval=interval,
                cron=cron,
                rrule=rrule,
                paused=paused,
                schedules=schedules,
                concurrency_limit=concurrency_limit,
                tags=tags,
                triggers=triggers,
                parameters=parameters or {},
                description=description,
                version=version,
                enforce_parameter_schema=enforce_parameter_schema,
                work_pool_name=work_pool_name,
                work_queue_name=work_queue_name,
                job_variables=job_variables,
            )  # type: ignore # TODO: remove sync_compatible
        else:
            return RunnerDeployment.from_flow(
                self,
                name=name,
                interval=interval,
                cron=cron,
                rrule=rrule,
                paused=paused,
                schedules=schedules,
                concurrency_limit=concurrency_limit,
                tags=tags,
                triggers=triggers,
                parameters=parameters or {},
                description=description,
                version=version,
                enforce_parameter_schema=enforce_parameter_schema,
                work_pool_name=work_pool_name,
                work_queue_name=work_queue_name,
                job_variables=job_variables,
                entrypoint_type=entrypoint_type,
            )

    def on_completion(
        self, fn: Callable[["Flow", FlowRun, State], None]
    ) -> Callable[["Flow", FlowRun, State], None]:
        self.on_completion_hooks.append(fn)
        return fn

    def on_cancellation(
        self, fn: Callable[["Flow", FlowRun, State], None]
    ) -> Callable[["Flow", FlowRun, State], None]:
        self.on_cancellation_hooks.append(fn)
        return fn

    def on_crashed(
        self, fn: Callable[["Flow", FlowRun, State], None]
    ) -> Callable[["Flow", FlowRun, State], None]:
        self.on_crashed_hooks.append(fn)
        return fn

    def on_running(
        self, fn: Callable[["Flow", FlowRun, State], None]
    ) -> Callable[["Flow", FlowRun, State], None]:
        self.on_running_hooks.append(fn)
        return fn

    def on_failure(
        self, fn: Callable[["Flow", FlowRun, State], None]
    ) -> Callable[["Flow", FlowRun, State], None]:
        self.on_failure_hooks.append(fn)
        return fn

    def serve(
        self,
        name: Optional[str] = None,
        interval: Optional[
            Union[
                Iterable[Union[int, float, datetime.timedelta]],
                int,
                float,
                datetime.timedelta,
            ]
        ] = None,
        cron: Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]] = None,
        rrule: Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]] = None,
        paused: Optional[bool] = None,
        schedules: Optional["FlexibleScheduleList"] = None,
        triggers: Optional[List[Union[DeploymentTriggerTypes, TriggerTypes]]] = None,
        parameters: Optional[dict] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        version: Optional[str] = None,
        enforce_parameter_schema: bool = True,
        pause_on_shutdown: bool = True,
        print_starting_message: bool = True,
        limit: Optional[int] = None,
        webserver: bool = False,
        entrypoint_type: EntrypointType = EntrypointType.FILE_PATH,
    ):
        """
        Creates a deployment for this flow and starts a runner to monitor for scheduled work.

        Args:
            name: The name to give the created deployment. Defaults to the name of the flow.
            interval: An interval on which to execute the deployment. Accepts a number or a
                timedelta object to create a single schedule. If a number is given, it will be
                interpreted as seconds. Also accepts an iterable of numbers or timedelta to create
                multiple schedules.
            cron: A cron schedule string of when to execute runs of this deployment.
                Also accepts an iterable of cron schedule strings to create multiple schedules.
            rrule: An rrule schedule string of when to execute runs of this deployment.
                Also accepts an iterable of rrule schedule strings to create multiple schedules.
            triggers: A list of triggers that will kick off runs of this deployment.
            paused: Whether or not to set this deployment as paused.
            schedules: A list of schedule objects defining when to execute runs of this deployment.
                Used to define multiple schedules or additional scheduling options like `timezone`.
            parameters: A dictionary of default parameter values to pass to runs of this deployment.
            description: A description for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's
                description if not provided.
            tags: A list of tags to associate with the created deployment for organizational
                purposes.
            version: A version for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's version.
            enforce_parameter_schema: Whether or not the Prefect API should enforce the
                parameter schema for the created deployment.
            pause_on_shutdown: If True, provided schedule will be paused when the serve function is stopped.
                If False, the schedules will continue running.
            print_starting_message: Whether or not to print the starting message when flow is served.
            limit: The maximum number of runs that can be executed concurrently.
            webserver: Whether or not to start a monitoring webserver for this flow.
            entrypoint_type: Type of entrypoint to use for the deployment. When using a module path
                entrypoint, ensure that the module will be importable in the execution environment.

        Examples:
            Serve a flow:

            ```python
            from prefect import flow

            @flow
            def my_flow(name):
                print(f"hello {name}")

            if __name__ == "__main__":
                my_flow.serve("example-deployment")
            ```

            Serve a flow and run it every hour:

            ```python
            from prefect import flow

            @flow
            def my_flow(name):
                print(f"hello {name}")

            if __name__ == "__main__":
                my_flow.serve("example-deployment", interval=3600)
            ```
        """
        from prefect.runner import Runner

        if not name:
            name = self.name
        else:
            # Handling for my_flow.serve(__file__)
            # Will set name to name of file where my_flow.serve() without the extension
            # Non filepath strings will pass through unchanged
            name = Path(name).stem

        runner = Runner(name=name, pause_on_shutdown=pause_on_shutdown, limit=limit)
        deployment_id = runner.add_flow(
            self,
            name=name,
            triggers=triggers,
            interval=interval,
            cron=cron,
            rrule=rrule,
            paused=paused,
            schedules=schedules,
            parameters=parameters,
            description=description,
            tags=tags,
            version=version,
            enforce_parameter_schema=enforce_parameter_schema,
            entrypoint_type=entrypoint_type,
        )
        if print_starting_message:
            help_message = (
                f"[green]Your flow {self.name!r} is being served and polling for"
                " scheduled runs!\n[/]\nTo trigger a run for this flow, use the"
                " following command:\n[blue]\n\t$ prefect deployment run"
                f" '{self.name}/{name}'\n[/]"
            )
            if PREFECT_UI_URL:
                help_message += (
                    "\nYou can also run your flow via the Prefect UI:"
                    f" [blue]{PREFECT_UI_URL.value()}/deployments/deployment/{deployment_id}[/]\n"
                )

            console = Console()
            console.print(help_message, soft_wrap=True)

        try:
            loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
        except RuntimeError as exc:
            if "no running event loop" in str(exc):
                loop = None
            else:
                raise

        try:
            if loop is not None:
                loop.run_until_complete(runner.start(webserver=webserver))
            else:
                asyncio.run(runner.start(webserver=webserver))
        except (KeyboardInterrupt, TerminationSignal) as exc:
            logger.info(f"Received {type(exc).__name__}, shutting down...")
            if loop is not None:
                loop.stop()

    @classmethod
    @sync_compatible
    async def from_source(
        cls: Type["Flow[P, R]"],
        source: Union[str, "RunnerStorage", ReadableDeploymentStorage],
        entrypoint: str,
    ) -> "Flow[P, R]":
        """
        Loads a flow from a remote source.

        Args:
            source: Either a URL to a git repository or a storage object.
            entrypoint:  The path to a file containing a flow and the name of the flow function in
                the format `./path/to/file.py:flow_func_name`.

        Returns:
            A new `Flow` instance.

        Examples:
            Load a flow from a public git repository:


            ```python
            from prefect import flow
            from prefect.runner.storage import GitRepository
            from prefect.blocks.system import Secret

            my_flow = flow.from_source(
                source="https://github.com/org/repo.git",
                entrypoint="flows.py:my_flow",
            )

            my_flow()
            ```

            Load a flow from a private git repository using an access token stored in a `Secret` block:

            ```python
            from prefect import flow
            from prefect.runner.storage import GitRepository
            from prefect.blocks.system import Secret

            my_flow = flow.from_source(
                source=GitRepository(
                    url="https://github.com/org/repo.git",
                    credentials={"access_token": Secret.load("github-access-token")}
                ),
                entrypoint="flows.py:my_flow",
            )

            my_flow()
            ```

            Load a flow from a local directory:

            ``` python
            # from_local_source.py

            from pathlib import Path
            from prefect import flow

            @flow(log_prints=True)
            def my_flow(name: str = "world"):
                print(f"Hello {name}! I'm a flow from a Python script!")

            if __name__ == "__main__":
                my_flow.from_source(
                    source=str(Path(__file__).parent),
                    entrypoint="from_local_source.py:my_flow",
                ).deploy(
                    name="my-deployment",
                    parameters=dict(name="Marvin"),
                    work_pool_name="local",
                )
            ```
        """

        from prefect.runner.storage import (
            BlockStorageAdapter,
            LocalStorage,
            RunnerStorage,
            create_storage_from_source,
        )

        if isinstance(source, (Path, str)):
            if isinstance(source, Path):
                source = str(source)
            storage = create_storage_from_source(source)
        elif isinstance(source, RunnerStorage):
            storage = source
        elif hasattr(source, "get_directory"):
            storage = BlockStorageAdapter(source)
        else:
            raise TypeError(
                f"Unsupported source type {type(source).__name__!r}. Please provide a"
                " URL to remote storage or a storage object."
            )
        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
            if not isinstance(storage, LocalStorage):
                storage.set_base_path(Path(tmpdir))
                await storage.pull_code()
            storage.set_base_path(Path(tmpdir))
            await storage.pull_code()

            full_entrypoint = str(storage.destination / entrypoint)
            flow: Flow = await from_async.wait_for_call_in_new_thread(
                create_call(load_flow_from_entrypoint, full_entrypoint)
            )
            flow._storage = storage
            flow._entrypoint = entrypoint

        return flow

    @sync_compatible
    async def deploy(
        self,
        name: str,
        work_pool_name: Optional[str] = None,
        image: Optional[Union[str, DockerImage]] = None,
        build: bool = True,
        push: bool = True,
        work_queue_name: Optional[str] = None,
        job_variables: Optional[dict] = None,
        interval: Optional[Union[int, float, datetime.timedelta]] = None,
        cron: Optional[str] = None,
        rrule: Optional[str] = None,
        paused: Optional[bool] = None,
        schedules: Optional[List[DeploymentScheduleCreate]] = None,
        concurrency_limit: Optional[int] = None,
        triggers: Optional[List[Union[DeploymentTriggerTypes, TriggerTypes]]] = None,
        parameters: Optional[dict] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        version: Optional[str] = None,
        enforce_parameter_schema: bool = True,
        entrypoint_type: EntrypointType = EntrypointType.FILE_PATH,
        print_next_steps: bool = True,
        ignore_warnings: bool = False,
    ) -> UUID:
        """
        Deploys a flow to run on dynamic infrastructure via a work pool.

        By default, calling this method will build a Docker image for the flow, push it to a registry,
        and create a deployment via the Prefect API that will run the flow on the given schedule.

        If you want to use an existing image, you can pass `build=False` to skip building and pushing
        an image.

        Args:
            name: The name to give the created deployment.
            work_pool_name: The name of the work pool to use for this deployment. Defaults to
                the value of `PREFECT_DEFAULT_WORK_POOL_NAME`.
            image: The name of the Docker image to build, including the registry and
                repository. Pass a DockerImage instance to customize the Dockerfile used
                and build arguments.
            build: Whether or not to build a new image for the flow. If False, the provided
                image will be used as-is and pulled at runtime.
            push: Whether or not to skip pushing the built image to a registry.
            work_queue_name: The name of the work queue to use for this deployment's scheduled runs.
                If not provided the default work queue for the work pool will be used.
            job_variables: Settings used to override the values specified default base job template
                of the chosen work pool. Refer to the base job template of the chosen work pool for
                available settings.
            interval: An interval on which to execute the deployment. Accepts a number or a
                timedelta object to create a single schedule. If a number is given, it will be
                interpreted as seconds. Also accepts an iterable of numbers or timedelta to create
                multiple schedules.
            cron: A cron schedule string of when to execute runs of this deployment.
                Also accepts an iterable of cron schedule strings to create multiple schedules.
            rrule: An rrule schedule string of when to execute runs of this deployment.
                Also accepts an iterable of rrule schedule strings to create multiple schedules.
            triggers: A list of triggers that will kick off runs of this deployment.
            paused: Whether or not to set this deployment as paused.
            schedules: A list of schedule objects defining when to execute runs of this deployment.
                Used to define multiple schedules or additional scheduling options like `timezone`.
            concurrency_limit: The maximum number of runs that can be executed concurrently.
            parameters: A dictionary of default parameter values to pass to runs of this deployment.
            description: A description for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's
                description if not provided.
            tags: A list of tags to associate with the created deployment for organizational
                purposes.
            version: A version for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's version.
            enforce_parameter_schema: Whether or not the Prefect API should enforce the
                parameter schema for the created deployment.
            entrypoint_type: Type of entrypoint to use for the deployment. When using a module path
                entrypoint, ensure that the module will be importable in the execution environment.
            print_next_steps_message: Whether or not to print a message with next steps
                after deploying the deployments.
            ignore_warnings: Whether or not to ignore warnings about the work pool type.

        Returns:
            The ID of the created/updated deployment.

        Examples:
            Deploy a local flow to a work pool:

            ```python
            from prefect import flow

            @flow
            def my_flow(name):
                print(f"hello {name}")

            if __name__ == "__main__":
                my_flow.deploy(
                    "example-deployment",
                    work_pool_name="my-work-pool",
                    image="my-repository/my-image:dev",
                )
            ```

            Deploy a remotely stored flow to a work pool:

            ```python
            from prefect import flow

            if __name__ == "__main__":
                flow.from_source(
                    source="https://github.com/org/repo.git",
                    entrypoint="flows.py:my_flow",
                ).deploy(
                    "example-deployment",
                    work_pool_name="my-work-pool",
                    image="my-repository/my-image:dev",
                )
            ```
        """
        if not (
            work_pool_name := work_pool_name or PREFECT_DEFAULT_WORK_POOL_NAME.value()
        ):
            raise ValueError(
                "No work pool name provided. Please provide a `work_pool_name` or set the"
                " `PREFECT_DEFAULT_WORK_POOL_NAME` environment variable."
            )

        try:
            async with get_client() as client:
                work_pool = await client.read_work_pool(work_pool_name)
        except ObjectNotFound as exc:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Could not find work pool {work_pool_name!r}. Please create it before"
                " deploying this flow."
            ) from exc

        deployment = await self.to_deployment(
            name=name,
            interval=interval,
            cron=cron,
            rrule=rrule,
            schedules=schedules,
            concurrency_limit=concurrency_limit,
            paused=paused,
            triggers=triggers,
            parameters=parameters,
            description=description,
            tags=tags,
            version=version,
            enforce_parameter_schema=enforce_parameter_schema,
            work_queue_name=work_queue_name,
            job_variables=job_variables,
            entrypoint_type=entrypoint_type,
        )

        from prefect.deployments.runner import deploy

        deployment_ids = await deploy(
            deployment,
            work_pool_name=work_pool_name,
            image=image,
            build=build,
            push=push,
            print_next_steps_message=False,
            ignore_warnings=ignore_warnings,
        )

        if print_next_steps:
            console = Console()
            if not work_pool.is_push_pool and not work_pool.is_managed_pool:
                console.print(
                    "\nTo execute flow runs from this deployment, start a worker in a"
                    " separate terminal that pulls work from the"
                    f" {work_pool_name!r} work pool:"
                )
                console.print(
                    f"\n\t$ prefect worker start --pool {work_pool_name!r}",
                    style="blue",
                )
            console.print(
                "\nTo schedule a run for this deployment, use the following command:"
            )
            console.print(
                f"\n\t$ prefect deployment run '{self.name}/{name}'\n",
                style="blue",
            )
            if PREFECT_UI_URL:
                message = (
                    "\nYou can also run your flow via the Prefect UI:"
                    f" [blue]{PREFECT_UI_URL.value()}/deployments/deployment/{deployment_ids[0]}[/]\n"
                )
                console.print(message, soft_wrap=True)

        return deployment_ids[0]

    @overload
    def __call__(self: "Flow[P, NoReturn]", *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> None:
        # `NoReturn` matches if a type can't be inferred for the function which stops a
        # sync function from matching the `Coroutine` overload
        ...

    @overload
    def __call__(
        self: "Flow[P, Coroutine[Any, Any, T]]", *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs
    ) -> Awaitable[T]:
        ...

    @overload
    def __call__(
        self: "Flow[P, T]",
        *args: P.args,
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> T:
        ...

    @overload
    def __call__(
        self: "Flow[P, T]",
        *args: P.args,
        return_state: Literal[True],
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> State[T]:
        ...

    def __call__(
        self,
        *args: "P.args",
        return_state: bool = False,
        wait_for: Optional[Iterable[PrefectFuture]] = None,
        **kwargs: "P.kwargs",
    ):
        """
        Run the flow and return its result.


        Flow parameter values must be serializable by Pydantic.

        If writing an async flow, this call must be awaited.

        This will create a new flow run in the API.

        Args:
            *args: Arguments to run the flow with.
            return_state: Return a Prefect State containing the result of the
                flow run.
            wait_for: Upstream task futures to wait for before starting the flow if called as a subflow
            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to run the flow with.

        Returns:
            If `return_state` is False, returns the result of the flow run.
            If `return_state` is True, returns the result of the flow run
                wrapped in a Prefect State which provides error handling.

        Examples:

            Define a flow

            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow(name):
            >>>     print(f"hello {name}")
            >>>     return f"goodbye {name}"

            Run a flow

            >>> my_flow("marvin")
            hello marvin
            "goodbye marvin"

            Run a flow with additional tags

            >>> from prefect import tags
            >>> with tags("db", "blue"):
            >>>     my_flow("foo")
        """
        from prefect.utilities.visualization import (
            get_task_viz_tracker,
            track_viz_task,
        )

        # Convert the call args/kwargs to a parameter dict
        parameters = get_call_parameters(self.fn, args, kwargs)

        return_type = "state" if return_state else "result"

        task_viz_tracker = get_task_viz_tracker()
        if task_viz_tracker:
            # this is a subflow, for now return a single task and do not go further
            # we can add support for exploring subflows for tasks in the future.
            return track_viz_task(self.isasync, self.name, parameters)

        from prefect.flow_engine import run_flow

        return run_flow(
            flow=self,
            parameters=parameters,
            wait_for=wait_for,
            return_type=return_type,
        )

    @sync_compatible
    async def visualize(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Generates a graphviz object representing the current flow. In IPython notebooks,
        it's rendered inline, otherwise in a new window as a PNG.

        Raises:
            - ImportError: If `graphviz` isn't installed.
            - GraphvizExecutableNotFoundError: If the `dot` executable isn't found.
            - FlowVisualizationError: If the flow can't be visualized for any other reason.
        """
        from prefect.utilities.visualization import (
            FlowVisualizationError,
            GraphvizExecutableNotFoundError,
            GraphvizImportError,
            TaskVizTracker,
            VisualizationUnsupportedError,
            build_task_dependencies,
            visualize_task_dependencies,
        )

        if not PREFECT_UNIT_TEST_MODE:
            warnings.warn(
                "`flow.visualize()` will execute code inside of your flow that is not"
                " decorated with `@task` or `@flow`."
            )

        try:
            with TaskVizTracker() as tracker:
                if self.isasync:
                    await self.fn(*args, **kwargs)
                else:
                    self.fn(*args, **kwargs)

                graph = build_task_dependencies(tracker)

                visualize_task_dependencies(graph, self.name)

        except GraphvizImportError:
            raise
        except GraphvizExecutableNotFoundError:
            raise
        except VisualizationUnsupportedError:
            raise
        except FlowVisualizationError:
            raise
        except Exception as e:
            msg = (
                "It's possible you are trying to visualize a flow that contains "
                "code that directly interacts with the result of a task"
                " inside of the flow. \nTry passing a `viz_return_value` "
                "to the task decorator, e.g. `@task(viz_return_value=[1, 2, 3]).`"
            )

            new_exception = type(e)(str(e) + "\n" + msg)
            # Copy traceback information from the original exception
            new_exception.__traceback__ = e.__traceback__
            raise new_exception

__call__(*args, return_state=False, wait_for=None, **kwargs)

Run the flow and return its result.

Flow parameter values must be serializable by Pydantic.

If writing an async flow, this call must be awaited.

This will create a new flow run in the API.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
*args	args	Arguments to run the flow with.	()
return_state	bool	Return a Prefect State containing the result of the flow run.	False
wait_for	Optional[Iterable[PrefectFuture]]	Upstream task futures to wait for before starting the flow if called as a subflow	None
**kwargs	kwargs	Keyword arguments to run the flow with.	{}

Returns:

Type	Description
	If return_state is False, returns the result of the flow run.
	If return_state is True, returns the result of the flow run wrapped in a Prefect State which provides error handling.

Define a flow

>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow(name):
>>>     print(f"hello {name}")
>>>     return f"goodbye {name}"

Run a flow

>>> my_flow("marvin")
hello marvin
"goodbye marvin"

Run a flow with additional tags

>>> from prefect import tags
>>> with tags("db", "blue"):
>>>     my_flow("foo")

Source code in src/prefect/flows.py

def __call__(
    self,
    *args: "P.args",
    return_state: bool = False,
    wait_for: Optional[Iterable[PrefectFuture]] = None,
    **kwargs: "P.kwargs",
):
    """
    Run the flow and return its result.


    Flow parameter values must be serializable by Pydantic.

    If writing an async flow, this call must be awaited.

    This will create a new flow run in the API.

    Args:
        *args: Arguments to run the flow with.
        return_state: Return a Prefect State containing the result of the
            flow run.
        wait_for: Upstream task futures to wait for before starting the flow if called as a subflow
        **kwargs: Keyword arguments to run the flow with.

    Returns:
        If `return_state` is False, returns the result of the flow run.
        If `return_state` is True, returns the result of the flow run
            wrapped in a Prefect State which provides error handling.

    Examples:

        Define a flow

        >>> @flow
        >>> def my_flow(name):
        >>>     print(f"hello {name}")
        >>>     return f"goodbye {name}"

        Run a flow

        >>> my_flow("marvin")
        hello marvin
        "goodbye marvin"

        Run a flow with additional tags

        >>> from prefect import tags
        >>> with tags("db", "blue"):
        >>>     my_flow("foo")
    """
    from prefect.utilities.visualization import (
        get_task_viz_tracker,
        track_viz_task,
    )

    # Convert the call args/kwargs to a parameter dict
    parameters = get_call_parameters(self.fn, args, kwargs)

    return_type = "state" if return_state else "result"

    task_viz_tracker = get_task_viz_tracker()
    if task_viz_tracker:
        # this is a subflow, for now return a single task and do not go further
        # we can add support for exploring subflows for tasks in the future.
        return track_viz_task(self.isasync, self.name, parameters)

    from prefect.flow_engine import run_flow

    return run_flow(
        flow=self,
        parameters=parameters,
        wait_for=wait_for,
        return_type=return_type,
    )

__get__(instance, owner)

Implement the descriptor protocol so that the flow can be used as an instance method. When an instance method is loaded, this method is called with the "self" instance as an argument. We return a copy of the flow with that instance bound to the flow's function.

Source code in src/prefect/flows.py

def __get__(self, instance, owner):
    """
    Implement the descriptor protocol so that the flow can be used as an instance method.
    When an instance method is loaded, this method is called with the "self" instance as
    an argument. We return a copy of the flow with that instance bound to the flow's function.
    """

    # if no instance is provided, it's being accessed on the class
    if instance is None:
        return self

    # if the flow is being accessed on an instance, bind the instance to the __prefect_self__ attribute
    # of the flow's function. This will allow it to be automatically added to the flow's parameters
    else:
        bound_flow = copy(self)
        bound_flow.fn.__prefect_self__ = instance
        return bound_flow

deploy(name, work_pool_name=None, image=None, build=True, push=True, work_queue_name=None, job_variables=None, interval=None, cron=None, rrule=None, paused=None, schedules=None, concurrency_limit=None, triggers=None, parameters=None, description=None, tags=None, version=None, enforce_parameter_schema=True, entrypoint_type=EntrypointType.FILE_PATH, print_next_steps=True, ignore_warnings=False) async

Deploys a flow to run on dynamic infrastructure via a work pool.

By default, calling this method will build a Docker image for the flow, push it to a registry, and create a deployment via the Prefect API that will run the flow on the given schedule.

If you want to use an existing image, you can pass build=False to skip building and pushing an image.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
name	str	The name to give the created deployment.	required
work_pool_name	Optional[str]	The name of the work pool to use for this deployment. Defaults to the value of PREFECT_DEFAULT_WORK_POOL_NAME.	None
image	Optional[Union[str, DockerImage]]	The name of the Docker image to build, including the registry and repository. Pass a DockerImage instance to customize the Dockerfile used and build arguments.	None
build	bool	Whether or not to build a new image for the flow. If False, the provided image will be used as-is and pulled at runtime.	True
push	bool	Whether or not to skip pushing the built image to a registry.	True
work_queue_name	Optional[str]	The name of the work queue to use for this deployment's scheduled runs. If not provided the default work queue for the work pool will be used.	None
job_variables	Optional[dict]	Settings used to override the values specified default base job template of the chosen work pool. Refer to the base job template of the chosen work pool for available settings.	None
interval	Optional[Union[int, float, timedelta]]	An interval on which to execute the deployment. Accepts a number or a timedelta object to create a single schedule. If a number is given, it will be interpreted as seconds. Also accepts an iterable of numbers or timedelta to create multiple schedules.	None
cron	Optional[str]	A cron schedule string of when to execute runs of this deployment. Also accepts an iterable of cron schedule strings to create multiple schedules.	None
rrule	Optional[str]	An rrule schedule string of when to execute runs of this deployment. Also accepts an iterable of rrule schedule strings to create multiple schedules.	None
triggers	Optional[List[Union[DeploymentTriggerTypes, TriggerTypes]]]	A list of triggers that will kick off runs of this deployment.	None
paused	Optional[bool]	Whether or not to set this deployment as paused.	None
schedules	Optional[List[DeploymentScheduleCreate]]	A list of schedule objects defining when to execute runs of this deployment. Used to define multiple schedules or additional scheduling options like timezone.	None
concurrency_limit	Optional[int]	The maximum number of runs that can be executed concurrently.	None
parameters	Optional[dict]	A dictionary of default parameter values to pass to runs of this deployment.	None
description	Optional[str]	A description for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's description if not provided.	None
tags	Optional[List[str]]	A list of tags to associate with the created deployment for organizational purposes.	None
version	Optional[str]	A version for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's version.	None
enforce_parameter_schema	bool	Whether or not the Prefect API should enforce the parameter schema for the created deployment.	True
entrypoint_type	EntrypointType	Type of entrypoint to use for the deployment. When using a module path entrypoint, ensure that the module will be importable in the execution environment.	FILE_PATH
print_next_steps_message		Whether or not to print a message with next steps after deploying the deployments.	required
ignore_warnings	bool	Whether or not to ignore warnings about the work pool type.	False

Returns:

Type	Description
UUID	The ID of the created/updated deployment.

Examples:

Deploy a local flow to a work pool:

from prefect import flow

@flow
def my_flow(name):
    print(f"hello {name}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    my_flow.deploy(
        "example-deployment",
        work_pool_name="my-work-pool",
        image="my-repository/my-image:dev",
    )

Deploy a remotely stored flow to a work pool:

from prefect import flow

if __name__ == "__main__":
    flow.from_source(
        source="https://github.com/org/repo.git",
        entrypoint="flows.py:my_flow",
    ).deploy(
        "example-deployment",
        work_pool_name="my-work-pool",
        image="my-repository/my-image:dev",
    )

Source code in src/prefect/flows.py

@sync_compatible
async def deploy(
    self,
    name: str,
    work_pool_name: Optional[str] = None,
    image: Optional[Union[str, DockerImage]] = None,
    build: bool = True,
    push: bool = True,
    work_queue_name: Optional[str] = None,
    job_variables: Optional[dict] = None,
    interval: Optional[Union[int, float, datetime.timedelta]] = None,
    cron: Optional[str] = None,
    rrule: Optional[str] = None,
    paused: Optional[bool] = None,
    schedules: Optional[List[DeploymentScheduleCreate]] = None,
    concurrency_limit: Optional[int] = None,
    triggers: Optional[List[Union[DeploymentTriggerTypes, TriggerTypes]]] = None,
    parameters: Optional[dict] = None,
    description: Optional[str] = None,
    tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    version: Optional[str] = None,
    enforce_parameter_schema: bool = True,
    entrypoint_type: EntrypointType = EntrypointType.FILE_PATH,
    print_next_steps: bool = True,
    ignore_warnings: bool = False,
) -> UUID:
    """
    Deploys a flow to run on dynamic infrastructure via a work pool.

    By default, calling this method will build a Docker image for the flow, push it to a registry,
    and create a deployment via the Prefect API that will run the flow on the given schedule.

    If you want to use an existing image, you can pass `build=False` to skip building and pushing
    an image.

    Args:
        name: The name to give the created deployment.
        work_pool_name: The name of the work pool to use for this deployment. Defaults to
            the value of `PREFECT_DEFAULT_WORK_POOL_NAME`.
        image: The name of the Docker image to build, including the registry and
            repository. Pass a DockerImage instance to customize the Dockerfile used
            and build arguments.
        build: Whether or not to build a new image for the flow. If False, the provided
            image will be used as-is and pulled at runtime.
        push: Whether or not to skip pushing the built image to a registry.
        work_queue_name: The name of the work queue to use for this deployment's scheduled runs.
            If not provided the default work queue for the work pool will be used.
        job_variables: Settings used to override the values specified default base job template
            of the chosen work pool. Refer to the base job template of the chosen work pool for
            available settings.
        interval: An interval on which to execute the deployment. Accepts a number or a
            timedelta object to create a single schedule. If a number is given, it will be
            interpreted as seconds. Also accepts an iterable of numbers or timedelta to create
            multiple schedules.
        cron: A cron schedule string of when to execute runs of this deployment.
            Also accepts an iterable of cron schedule strings to create multiple schedules.
        rrule: An rrule schedule string of when to execute runs of this deployment.
            Also accepts an iterable of rrule schedule strings to create multiple schedules.
        triggers: A list of triggers that will kick off runs of this deployment.
        paused: Whether or not to set this deployment as paused.
        schedules: A list of schedule objects defining when to execute runs of this deployment.
            Used to define multiple schedules or additional scheduling options like `timezone`.
        concurrency_limit: The maximum number of runs that can be executed concurrently.
        parameters: A dictionary of default parameter values to pass to runs of this deployment.
        description: A description for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's
            description if not provided.
        tags: A list of tags to associate with the created deployment for organizational
            purposes.
        version: A version for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's version.
        enforce_parameter_schema: Whether or not the Prefect API should enforce the
            parameter schema for the created deployment.
        entrypoint_type: Type of entrypoint to use for the deployment. When using a module path
            entrypoint, ensure that the module will be importable in the execution environment.
        print_next_steps_message: Whether or not to print a message with next steps
            after deploying the deployments.
        ignore_warnings: Whether or not to ignore warnings about the work pool type.

    Returns:
        The ID of the created/updated deployment.

    Examples:
        Deploy a local flow to a work pool:

        ```python
        from prefect import flow

        @flow
        def my_flow(name):
            print(f"hello {name}")

        if __name__ == "__main__":
            my_flow.deploy(
                "example-deployment",
                work_pool_name="my-work-pool",
                image="my-repository/my-image:dev",
            )
        ```

        Deploy a remotely stored flow to a work pool:

        ```python
        from prefect import flow

        if __name__ == "__main__":
            flow.from_source(
                source="https://github.com/org/repo.git",
                entrypoint="flows.py:my_flow",
            ).deploy(
                "example-deployment",
                work_pool_name="my-work-pool",
                image="my-repository/my-image:dev",
            )
        ```
    """
    if not (
        work_pool_name := work_pool_name or PREFECT_DEFAULT_WORK_POOL_NAME.value()
    ):
        raise ValueError(
            "No work pool name provided. Please provide a `work_pool_name` or set the"
            " `PREFECT_DEFAULT_WORK_POOL_NAME` environment variable."
        )

    try:
        async with get_client() as client:
            work_pool = await client.read_work_pool(work_pool_name)
    except ObjectNotFound as exc:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Could not find work pool {work_pool_name!r}. Please create it before"
            " deploying this flow."
        ) from exc

    deployment = await self.to_deployment(
        name=name,
        interval=interval,
        cron=cron,
        rrule=rrule,
        schedules=schedules,
        concurrency_limit=concurrency_limit,
        paused=paused,
        triggers=triggers,
        parameters=parameters,
        description=description,
        tags=tags,
        version=version,
        enforce_parameter_schema=enforce_parameter_schema,
        work_queue_name=work_queue_name,
        job_variables=job_variables,
        entrypoint_type=entrypoint_type,
    )

    from prefect.deployments.runner import deploy

    deployment_ids = await deploy(
        deployment,
        work_pool_name=work_pool_name,
        image=image,
        build=build,
        push=push,
        print_next_steps_message=False,
        ignore_warnings=ignore_warnings,
    )

    if print_next_steps:
        console = Console()
        if not work_pool.is_push_pool and not work_pool.is_managed_pool:
            console.print(
                "\nTo execute flow runs from this deployment, start a worker in a"
                " separate terminal that pulls work from the"
                f" {work_pool_name!r} work pool:"
            )
            console.print(
                f"\n\t$ prefect worker start --pool {work_pool_name!r}",
                style="blue",
            )
        console.print(
            "\nTo schedule a run for this deployment, use the following command:"
        )
        console.print(
            f"\n\t$ prefect deployment run '{self.name}/{name}'\n",
            style="blue",
        )
        if PREFECT_UI_URL:
            message = (
                "\nYou can also run your flow via the Prefect UI:"
                f" [blue]{PREFECT_UI_URL.value()}/deployments/deployment/{deployment_ids[0]}[/]\n"
            )
            console.print(message, soft_wrap=True)

    return deployment_ids[0]

from_source(source, entrypoint) async classmethod

Loads a flow from a remote source.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
source	Union[str, RunnerStorage, ReadableDeploymentStorage]	Either a URL to a git repository or a storage object.	required
entrypoint	str	The path to a file containing a flow and the name of the flow function in the format ./path/to/file.py:flow_func_name.	required

Returns:

Type	Description
Flow[P, R]	A new Flow instance.

Examples:

Load a flow from a public git repository:

from prefect import flow
from prefect.runner.storage import GitRepository
from prefect.blocks.system import Secret

my_flow = flow.from_source(
    source="https://github.com/org/repo.git",
    entrypoint="flows.py:my_flow",
)

my_flow()

Load a flow from a private git repository using an access token stored in a Secret block:

from prefect import flow
from prefect.runner.storage import GitRepository
from prefect.blocks.system import Secret

my_flow = flow.from_source(
    source=GitRepository(
        url="https://github.com/org/repo.git",
        credentials={"access_token": Secret.load("github-access-token")}
    ),
    entrypoint="flows.py:my_flow",
)

my_flow()

Load a flow from a local directory:

# from_local_source.py

from pathlib import Path
from prefect import flow

@flow(log_prints=True)
def my_flow(name: str = "world"):
    print(f"Hello {name}! I'm a flow from a Python script!")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    my_flow.from_source(
        source=str(Path(__file__).parent),
        entrypoint="from_local_source.py:my_flow",
    ).deploy(
        name="my-deployment",
        parameters=dict(name="Marvin"),
        work_pool_name="local",
    )

Source code in src/prefect/flows.py

@classmethod
@sync_compatible
async def from_source(
    cls: Type["Flow[P, R]"],
    source: Union[str, "RunnerStorage", ReadableDeploymentStorage],
    entrypoint: str,
) -> "Flow[P, R]":
    """
    Loads a flow from a remote source.

    Args:
        source: Either a URL to a git repository or a storage object.
        entrypoint:  The path to a file containing a flow and the name of the flow function in
            the format `./path/to/file.py:flow_func_name`.

    Returns:
        A new `Flow` instance.

    Examples:
        Load a flow from a public git repository:


        ```python
        from prefect import flow
        from prefect.runner.storage import GitRepository
        from prefect.blocks.system import Secret

        my_flow = flow.from_source(
            source="https://github.com/org/repo.git",
            entrypoint="flows.py:my_flow",
        )

        my_flow()
        ```

        Load a flow from a private git repository using an access token stored in a `Secret` block:

        ```python
        from prefect import flow
        from prefect.runner.storage import GitRepository
        from prefect.blocks.system import Secret

        my_flow = flow.from_source(
            source=GitRepository(
                url="https://github.com/org/repo.git",
                credentials={"access_token": Secret.load("github-access-token")}
            ),
            entrypoint="flows.py:my_flow",
        )

        my_flow()
        ```

        Load a flow from a local directory:

        ``` python
        # from_local_source.py

        from pathlib import Path
        from prefect import flow

        @flow(log_prints=True)
        def my_flow(name: str = "world"):
            print(f"Hello {name}! I'm a flow from a Python script!")

        if __name__ == "__main__":
            my_flow.from_source(
                source=str(Path(__file__).parent),
                entrypoint="from_local_source.py:my_flow",
            ).deploy(
                name="my-deployment",
                parameters=dict(name="Marvin"),
                work_pool_name="local",
            )
        ```
    """

    from prefect.runner.storage import (
        BlockStorageAdapter,
        LocalStorage,
        RunnerStorage,
        create_storage_from_source,
    )

    if isinstance(source, (Path, str)):
        if isinstance(source, Path):
            source = str(source)
        storage = create_storage_from_source(source)
    elif isinstance(source, RunnerStorage):
        storage = source
    elif hasattr(source, "get_directory"):
        storage = BlockStorageAdapter(source)
    else:
        raise TypeError(
            f"Unsupported source type {type(source).__name__!r}. Please provide a"
            " URL to remote storage or a storage object."
        )
    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
        if not isinstance(storage, LocalStorage):
            storage.set_base_path(Path(tmpdir))
            await storage.pull_code()
        storage.set_base_path(Path(tmpdir))
        await storage.pull_code()

        full_entrypoint = str(storage.destination / entrypoint)
        flow: Flow = await from_async.wait_for_call_in_new_thread(
            create_call(load_flow_from_entrypoint, full_entrypoint)
        )
        flow._storage = storage
        flow._entrypoint = entrypoint

    return flow

serialize_parameters(parameters)

Convert parameters to a serializable form.

Uses FastAPI's jsonable_encoder to convert to JSON compatible objects without converting everything directly to a string. This maintains basic types like integers during API roundtrips.

Source code in src/prefect/flows.py

def serialize_parameters(self, parameters: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    """
    Convert parameters to a serializable form.

    Uses FastAPI's `jsonable_encoder` to convert to JSON compatible objects without
    converting everything directly to a string. This maintains basic types like
    integers during API roundtrips.
    """
    serialized_parameters = {}
    for key, value in parameters.items():
        # do not serialize the bound self object
        if self.ismethod and value is self.fn.__prefect_self__:
            continue
        if isinstance(value, (PrefectFuture, State)):
            # Don't call jsonable_encoder() on a PrefectFuture or State to
            # avoid triggering a __getitem__ call
            serialized_parameters[key] = f"<{type(value).__name__}>"
            continue
        try:
            serialized_parameters[key] = jsonable_encoder(value)
        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            logger.debug(
                f"Parameter {key!r} for flow {self.name!r} is unserializable. "
                f"Type {type(value).__name__!r} and will not be stored "
                "in the backend."
            )
            serialized_parameters[key] = f"<{type(value).__name__}>"
    return serialized_parameters

serve(name=None, interval=None, cron=None, rrule=None, paused=None, schedules=None, triggers=None, parameters=None, description=None, tags=None, version=None, enforce_parameter_schema=True, pause_on_shutdown=True, print_starting_message=True, limit=None, webserver=False, entrypoint_type=EntrypointType.FILE_PATH)

Creates a deployment for this flow and starts a runner to monitor for scheduled work.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
name	Optional[str]	The name to give the created deployment. Defaults to the name of the flow.	None
interval	Optional[Union[Iterable[Union[int, float, timedelta]], int, float, timedelta]]	An interval on which to execute the deployment. Accepts a number or a timedelta object to create a single schedule. If a number is given, it will be interpreted as seconds. Also accepts an iterable of numbers or timedelta to create multiple schedules.	None
cron	Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]]	A cron schedule string of when to execute runs of this deployment. Also accepts an iterable of cron schedule strings to create multiple schedules.	None
rrule	Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]]	An rrule schedule string of when to execute runs of this deployment. Also accepts an iterable of rrule schedule strings to create multiple schedules.	None
triggers	Optional[List[Union[DeploymentTriggerTypes, TriggerTypes]]]	A list of triggers that will kick off runs of this deployment.	None
paused	Optional[bool]	Whether or not to set this deployment as paused.	None
schedules	Optional[FlexibleScheduleList]	A list of schedule objects defining when to execute runs of this deployment. Used to define multiple schedules or additional scheduling options like timezone.	None
parameters	Optional[dict]	A dictionary of default parameter values to pass to runs of this deployment.	None
description	Optional[str]	A description for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's description if not provided.	None
tags	Optional[List[str]]	A list of tags to associate with the created deployment for organizational purposes.	None
version	Optional[str]	A version for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's version.	None
enforce_parameter_schema	bool	Whether or not the Prefect API should enforce the parameter schema for the created deployment.	True
pause_on_shutdown	bool	If True, provided schedule will be paused when the serve function is stopped. If False, the schedules will continue running.	True
print_starting_message	bool	Whether or not to print the starting message when flow is served.	True
limit	Optional[int]	The maximum number of runs that can be executed concurrently.	None
webserver	bool	Whether or not to start a monitoring webserver for this flow.	False
entrypoint_type	EntrypointType	Type of entrypoint to use for the deployment. When using a module path entrypoint, ensure that the module will be importable in the execution environment.	FILE_PATH

Examples:

Serve a flow:

from prefect import flow

@flow
def my_flow(name):
    print(f"hello {name}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    my_flow.serve("example-deployment")

Serve a flow and run it every hour:

from prefect import flow

@flow
def my_flow(name):
    print(f"hello {name}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    my_flow.serve("example-deployment", interval=3600)

Source code in src/prefect/flows.py

def serve(
    self,
    name: Optional[str] = None,
    interval: Optional[
        Union[
            Iterable[Union[int, float, datetime.timedelta]],
            int,
            float,
            datetime.timedelta,
        ]
    ] = None,
    cron: Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]] = None,
    rrule: Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]] = None,
    paused: Optional[bool] = None,
    schedules: Optional["FlexibleScheduleList"] = None,
    triggers: Optional[List[Union[DeploymentTriggerTypes, TriggerTypes]]] = None,
    parameters: Optional[dict] = None,
    description: Optional[str] = None,
    tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    version: Optional[str] = None,
    enforce_parameter_schema: bool = True,
    pause_on_shutdown: bool = True,
    print_starting_message: bool = True,
    limit: Optional[int] = None,
    webserver: bool = False,
    entrypoint_type: EntrypointType = EntrypointType.FILE_PATH,
):
    """
    Creates a deployment for this flow and starts a runner to monitor for scheduled work.

    Args:
        name: The name to give the created deployment. Defaults to the name of the flow.
        interval: An interval on which to execute the deployment. Accepts a number or a
            timedelta object to create a single schedule. If a number is given, it will be
            interpreted as seconds. Also accepts an iterable of numbers or timedelta to create
            multiple schedules.
        cron: A cron schedule string of when to execute runs of this deployment.
            Also accepts an iterable of cron schedule strings to create multiple schedules.
        rrule: An rrule schedule string of when to execute runs of this deployment.
            Also accepts an iterable of rrule schedule strings to create multiple schedules.
        triggers: A list of triggers that will kick off runs of this deployment.
        paused: Whether or not to set this deployment as paused.
        schedules: A list of schedule objects defining when to execute runs of this deployment.
            Used to define multiple schedules or additional scheduling options like `timezone`.
        parameters: A dictionary of default parameter values to pass to runs of this deployment.
        description: A description for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's
            description if not provided.
        tags: A list of tags to associate with the created deployment for organizational
            purposes.
        version: A version for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's version.
        enforce_parameter_schema: Whether or not the Prefect API should enforce the
            parameter schema for the created deployment.
        pause_on_shutdown: If True, provided schedule will be paused when the serve function is stopped.
            If False, the schedules will continue running.
        print_starting_message: Whether or not to print the starting message when flow is served.
        limit: The maximum number of runs that can be executed concurrently.
        webserver: Whether or not to start a monitoring webserver for this flow.
        entrypoint_type: Type of entrypoint to use for the deployment. When using a module path
            entrypoint, ensure that the module will be importable in the execution environment.

    Examples:
        Serve a flow:

        ```python
        from prefect import flow

        @flow
        def my_flow(name):
            print(f"hello {name}")

        if __name__ == "__main__":
            my_flow.serve("example-deployment")
        ```

        Serve a flow and run it every hour:

        ```python
        from prefect import flow

        @flow
        def my_flow(name):
            print(f"hello {name}")

        if __name__ == "__main__":
            my_flow.serve("example-deployment", interval=3600)
        ```
    """
    from prefect.runner import Runner

    if not name:
        name = self.name
    else:
        # Handling for my_flow.serve(__file__)
        # Will set name to name of file where my_flow.serve() without the extension
        # Non filepath strings will pass through unchanged
        name = Path(name).stem

    runner = Runner(name=name, pause_on_shutdown=pause_on_shutdown, limit=limit)
    deployment_id = runner.add_flow(
        self,
        name=name,
        triggers=triggers,
        interval=interval,
        cron=cron,
        rrule=rrule,
        paused=paused,
        schedules=schedules,
        parameters=parameters,
        description=description,
        tags=tags,
        version=version,
        enforce_parameter_schema=enforce_parameter_schema,
        entrypoint_type=entrypoint_type,
    )
    if print_starting_message:
        help_message = (
            f"[green]Your flow {self.name!r} is being served and polling for"
            " scheduled runs!\n[/]\nTo trigger a run for this flow, use the"
            " following command:\n[blue]\n\t$ prefect deployment run"
            f" '{self.name}/{name}'\n[/]"
        )
        if PREFECT_UI_URL:
            help_message += (
                "\nYou can also run your flow via the Prefect UI:"
                f" [blue]{PREFECT_UI_URL.value()}/deployments/deployment/{deployment_id}[/]\n"
            )

        console = Console()
        console.print(help_message, soft_wrap=True)

    try:
        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
    except RuntimeError as exc:
        if "no running event loop" in str(exc):
            loop = None
        else:
            raise

    try:
        if loop is not None:
            loop.run_until_complete(runner.start(webserver=webserver))
        else:
            asyncio.run(runner.start(webserver=webserver))
    except (KeyboardInterrupt, TerminationSignal) as exc:
        logger.info(f"Received {type(exc).__name__}, shutting down...")
        if loop is not None:
            loop.stop()

to_deployment(name, interval=None, cron=None, rrule=None, paused=None, schedules=None, concurrency_limit=None, parameters=None, triggers=None, description=None, tags=None, version=None, enforce_parameter_schema=True, work_pool_name=None, work_queue_name=None, job_variables=None, entrypoint_type=EntrypointType.FILE_PATH) async

Creates a runner deployment object for this flow.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
name	str	The name to give the created deployment.	required
interval	Optional[Union[Iterable[Union[int, float, timedelta]], int, float, timedelta]]	An interval on which to execute the new deployment. Accepts either a number or a timedelta object. If a number is given, it will be interpreted as seconds.	None
cron	Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]]	A cron schedule of when to execute runs of this deployment.	None
rrule	Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]]	An rrule schedule of when to execute runs of this deployment.	None
paused	Optional[bool]	Whether or not to set this deployment as paused.	None
schedules	Optional[FlexibleScheduleList]	A list of schedule objects defining when to execute runs of this deployment. Used to define multiple schedules or additional scheduling options such as timezone.	None
concurrency_limit	Optional[int]	The maximum number of runs of this deployment that can run at the same time.	None
parameters	Optional[dict]	A dictionary of default parameter values to pass to runs of this deployment.	None
triggers	Optional[List[Union[DeploymentTriggerTypes, TriggerTypes]]]	A list of triggers that will kick off runs of this deployment.	None
description	Optional[str]	A description for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's description if not provided.	None
tags	Optional[List[str]]	A list of tags to associate with the created deployment for organizational purposes.	None
version	Optional[str]	A version for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's version.	None
enforce_parameter_schema	bool	Whether or not the Prefect API should enforce the parameter schema for the created deployment.	True
work_pool_name	Optional[str]	The name of the work pool to use for this deployment.	None
work_queue_name	Optional[str]	The name of the work queue to use for this deployment's scheduled runs. If not provided the default work queue for the work pool will be used.	None
job_variables	Optional[Dict[str, Any]]	Settings used to override the values specified default base job template of the chosen work pool. Refer to the base job template of the chosen work pool for	None
entrypoint_type	EntrypointType	Type of entrypoint to use for the deployment. When using a module path entrypoint, ensure that the module will be importable in the execution environment.	FILE_PATH

Examples:

Prepare two deployments and serve them:

from prefect import flow, serve

@flow
def my_flow(name):
    print(f"hello {name}")

@flow
def my_other_flow(name):
    print(f"goodbye {name}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    hello_deploy = my_flow.to_deployment("hello", tags=["dev"])
    bye_deploy = my_other_flow.to_deployment("goodbye", tags=["dev"])
    serve(hello_deploy, bye_deploy)

Source code in src/prefect/flows.py

@sync_compatible
async def to_deployment(
    self,
    name: str,
    interval: Optional[
        Union[
            Iterable[Union[int, float, datetime.timedelta]],
            int,
            float,
            datetime.timedelta,
        ]
    ] = None,
    cron: Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]] = None,
    rrule: Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]] = None,
    paused: Optional[bool] = None,
    schedules: Optional["FlexibleScheduleList"] = None,
    concurrency_limit: Optional[int] = None,
    parameters: Optional[dict] = None,
    triggers: Optional[List[Union[DeploymentTriggerTypes, TriggerTypes]]] = None,
    description: Optional[str] = None,
    tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    version: Optional[str] = None,
    enforce_parameter_schema: bool = True,
    work_pool_name: Optional[str] = None,
    work_queue_name: Optional[str] = None,
    job_variables: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
    entrypoint_type: EntrypointType = EntrypointType.FILE_PATH,
) -> "RunnerDeployment":
    """
    Creates a runner deployment object for this flow.

    Args:
        name: The name to give the created deployment.
        interval: An interval on which to execute the new deployment. Accepts either a number
            or a timedelta object. If a number is given, it will be interpreted as seconds.
        cron: A cron schedule of when to execute runs of this deployment.
        rrule: An rrule schedule of when to execute runs of this deployment.
        paused: Whether or not to set this deployment as paused.
        schedules: A list of schedule objects defining when to execute runs of this deployment.
            Used to define multiple schedules or additional scheduling options such as `timezone`.
        concurrency_limit: The maximum number of runs of this deployment that can run at the same time.
        parameters: A dictionary of default parameter values to pass to runs of this deployment.
        triggers: A list of triggers that will kick off runs of this deployment.
        description: A description for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's
            description if not provided.
        tags: A list of tags to associate with the created deployment for organizational
            purposes.
        version: A version for the created deployment. Defaults to the flow's version.
        enforce_parameter_schema: Whether or not the Prefect API should enforce the
            parameter schema for the created deployment.
        work_pool_name: The name of the work pool to use for this deployment.
        work_queue_name: The name of the work queue to use for this deployment's scheduled runs.
            If not provided the default work queue for the work pool will be used.
        job_variables: Settings used to override the values specified default base job template
            of the chosen work pool. Refer to the base job template of the chosen work pool for
        entrypoint_type: Type of entrypoint to use for the deployment. When using a module path
            entrypoint, ensure that the module will be importable in the execution environment.

    Examples:
        Prepare two deployments and serve them:

        ```python
        from prefect import flow, serve

        @flow
        def my_flow(name):
            print(f"hello {name}")

        @flow
        def my_other_flow(name):
            print(f"goodbye {name}")

        if __name__ == "__main__":
            hello_deploy = my_flow.to_deployment("hello", tags=["dev"])
            bye_deploy = my_other_flow.to_deployment("goodbye", tags=["dev"])
            serve(hello_deploy, bye_deploy)
        ```
    """
    from prefect.deployments.runner import RunnerDeployment

    if not name.endswith(".py"):
        _raise_on_name_with_banned_characters(name)

    if self._storage and self._entrypoint:
        return await RunnerDeployment.from_storage(
            storage=self._storage,
            entrypoint=self._entrypoint,
            name=name,
            interval=interval,
            cron=cron,
            rrule=rrule,
            paused=paused,
            schedules=schedules,
            concurrency_limit=concurrency_limit,
            tags=tags,
            triggers=triggers,
            parameters=parameters or {},
            description=description,
            version=version,
            enforce_parameter_schema=enforce_parameter_schema,
            work_pool_name=work_pool_name,
            work_queue_name=work_queue_name,
            job_variables=job_variables,
        )  # type: ignore # TODO: remove sync_compatible
    else:
        return RunnerDeployment.from_flow(
            self,
            name=name,
            interval=interval,
            cron=cron,
            rrule=rrule,
            paused=paused,
            schedules=schedules,
            concurrency_limit=concurrency_limit,
            tags=tags,
            triggers=triggers,
            parameters=parameters or {},
            description=description,
            version=version,
            enforce_parameter_schema=enforce_parameter_schema,
            work_pool_name=work_pool_name,
            work_queue_name=work_queue_name,
            job_variables=job_variables,
            entrypoint_type=entrypoint_type,
        )

validate_parameters(parameters)

Validate parameters for compatibility with the flow by attempting to cast the inputs to the associated types specified by the function's type annotations.

Returns:

Type	Description
Dict[str, Any]	A new dict of parameters that have been cast to the appropriate types

Raises:

Type	Description
ParameterTypeError	if the provided parameters are not valid

Source code in src/prefect/flows.py

def validate_parameters(self, parameters: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    """
    Validate parameters for compatibility with the flow by attempting to cast the inputs to the
    associated types specified by the function's type annotations.

    Returns:
        A new dict of parameters that have been cast to the appropriate types

    Raises:
        ParameterTypeError: if the provided parameters are not valid
    """

    def resolve_block_reference(data: Any) -> Any:
        if isinstance(data, dict) and "$ref" in data:
            return Block.load_from_ref(data["$ref"])
        return data

    try:
        parameters = visit_collection(
            parameters, resolve_block_reference, return_data=True
        )
    except (ValueError, RuntimeError) as exc:
        raise ParameterTypeError(
            "Failed to resolve block references in parameters."
        ) from exc

    args, kwargs = parameters_to_args_kwargs(self.fn, parameters)

    with warnings.catch_warnings():
        warnings.filterwarnings(
            "ignore", category=pydantic.warnings.PydanticDeprecatedSince20
        )
        has_v1_models = any(isinstance(o, V1BaseModel) for o in args) or any(
            isinstance(o, V1BaseModel) for o in kwargs.values()
        )

    has_v2_types = any(is_v2_type(o) for o in args) or any(
        is_v2_type(o) for o in kwargs.values()
    )

    if has_v1_models and has_v2_types:
        raise ParameterTypeError(
            "Cannot mix Pydantic v1 and v2 types as arguments to a flow."
        )

    if has_v1_models:
        validated_fn = V1ValidatedFunction(
            self.fn, config={"arbitrary_types_allowed": True}
        )
    else:
        validated_fn = V2ValidatedFunction(
            self.fn, config=pydantic.ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
        )

    try:
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings(
                "ignore", category=pydantic.warnings.PydanticDeprecatedSince20
            )
            model = validated_fn.init_model_instance(*args, **kwargs)
    except pydantic.ValidationError as exc:
        # We capture the pydantic exception and raise our own because the pydantic
        # exception is not picklable when using a cythonized pydantic installation
        logger.error(
            f"Parameter validation failed for flow {self.name!r}: {exc.errors()}"
            f"\nParameters: {parameters}"
        )
        raise ParameterTypeError.from_validation_error(exc) from None

    # Get the updated parameter dict with cast values from the model
    cast_parameters = {
        k: v
        for k, v in dict(model).items()
        if k in model.model_fields_set or model.model_fields[k].default_factory
    }
    return cast_parameters

visualize(*args, **kwargs) async

Generates a graphviz object representing the current flow. In IPython notebooks, it's rendered inline, otherwise in a new window as a PNG.

Raises:

Type	Description
-ImportError	If graphviz isn't installed.
-GraphvizExecutableNotFoundError	If the dot executable isn't found.
-FlowVisualizationError	If the flow can't be visualized for any other reason.

Source code in src/prefect/flows.py

@sync_compatible
async def visualize(self, *args, **kwargs):
    """
    Generates a graphviz object representing the current flow. In IPython notebooks,
    it's rendered inline, otherwise in a new window as a PNG.

    Raises:
        - ImportError: If `graphviz` isn't installed.
        - GraphvizExecutableNotFoundError: If the `dot` executable isn't found.
        - FlowVisualizationError: If the flow can't be visualized for any other reason.
    """
    from prefect.utilities.visualization import (
        FlowVisualizationError,
        GraphvizExecutableNotFoundError,
        GraphvizImportError,
        TaskVizTracker,
        VisualizationUnsupportedError,
        build_task_dependencies,
        visualize_task_dependencies,
    )

    if not PREFECT_UNIT_TEST_MODE:
        warnings.warn(
            "`flow.visualize()` will execute code inside of your flow that is not"
            " decorated with `@task` or `@flow`."
        )

    try:
        with TaskVizTracker() as tracker:
            if self.isasync:
                await self.fn(*args, **kwargs)
            else:
                self.fn(*args, **kwargs)

            graph = build_task_dependencies(tracker)

            visualize_task_dependencies(graph, self.name)

    except GraphvizImportError:
        raise
    except GraphvizExecutableNotFoundError:
        raise
    except VisualizationUnsupportedError:
        raise
    except FlowVisualizationError:
        raise
    except Exception as e:
        msg = (
            "It's possible you are trying to visualize a flow that contains "
            "code that directly interacts with the result of a task"
            " inside of the flow. \nTry passing a `viz_return_value` "
            "to the task decorator, e.g. `@task(viz_return_value=[1, 2, 3]).`"
        )

        new_exception = type(e)(str(e) + "\n" + msg)
        # Copy traceback information from the original exception
        new_exception.__traceback__ = e.__traceback__
        raise new_exception

with_options(*, name=None, version=None, retries=None, retry_delay_seconds=None, description=None, flow_run_name=None, task_runner=None, timeout_seconds=None, validate_parameters=None, persist_result=NotSet, result_storage=NotSet, result_serializer=NotSet, cache_result_in_memory=None, log_prints=NotSet, on_completion=None, on_failure=None, on_cancellation=None, on_crashed=None, on_running=None)

Create a new flow from the current object, updating provided options.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
name	Optional[str]	A new name for the flow.	None
version	Optional[str]	A new version for the flow.	None
description	Optional[str]	A new description for the flow.	None
flow_run_name	Optional[Union[Callable[[], str], str]]	An optional name to distinguish runs of this flow; this name can be provided as a string template with the flow's parameters as variables, or a function that returns a string.	None
task_runner	Union[Type[TaskRunner], TaskRunner, None]	A new task runner for the flow.	None
timeout_seconds	Union[int, float, None]	A new number of seconds to fail the flow after if still running.	None
validate_parameters	Optional[bool]	A new value indicating if flow calls should validate given parameters.	None
retries	Optional[int]	A new number of times to retry on flow run failure.	None
retry_delay_seconds	Optional[Union[int, float]]	A new number of seconds to wait before retrying the flow after failure. This is only applicable if retries is nonzero.	None
persist_result	Optional[bool]	A new option for enabling or disabling result persistence.	NotSet
result_storage	Optional[ResultStorage]	A new storage type to use for results.	NotSet
result_serializer	Optional[ResultSerializer]	A new serializer to use for results.	NotSet
cache_result_in_memory	Optional[bool]	A new value indicating if the flow's result should be cached in memory.	None
on_failure	Optional[List[Callable[[Flow, FlowRun, State], None]]]	A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a failed state.	None
on_completion	Optional[List[Callable[[Flow, FlowRun, State], None]]]	A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a completed state.	None
on_cancellation	Optional[List[Callable[[Flow, FlowRun, State], None]]]	A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a cancelling state.	None
on_crashed	Optional[List[Callable[[Flow, FlowRun, State], None]]]	A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a crashed state.	None
on_running	Optional[List[Callable[[Flow, FlowRun, State], None]]]	A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a running state.	None

Returns:

Type	Description
Self	A new Flow instance.

Create a new flow from an existing flow and update the name:

>>> @flow(name="My flow")
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     return 1
>>>
>>> new_flow = my_flow.with_options(name="My new flow")

Create a new flow from an existing flow, update the task runner, and call
it without an intermediate variable:

>>> from prefect.task_runners import ThreadPoolTaskRunner
>>>
>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow(x, y):
>>>     return x + y
>>>
>>> state = my_flow.with_options(task_runner=ThreadPoolTaskRunner)(1, 3)
>>> assert state.result() == 4

Source code in src/prefect/flows.py

def with_options(
    self,
    *,
    name: Optional[str] = None,
    version: Optional[str] = None,
    retries: Optional[int] = None,
    retry_delay_seconds: Optional[Union[int, float]] = None,
    description: Optional[str] = None,
    flow_run_name: Optional[Union[Callable[[], str], str]] = None,
    task_runner: Union[Type[TaskRunner], TaskRunner, None] = None,
    timeout_seconds: Union[int, float, None] = None,
    validate_parameters: Optional[bool] = None,
    persist_result: Optional[bool] = NotSet,  # type: ignore
    result_storage: Optional[ResultStorage] = NotSet,  # type: ignore
    result_serializer: Optional[ResultSerializer] = NotSet,  # type: ignore
    cache_result_in_memory: Optional[bool] = None,
    log_prints: Optional[bool] = NotSet,  # type: ignore
    on_completion: Optional[
        List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]
    ] = None,
    on_failure: Optional[List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]] = None,
    on_cancellation: Optional[
        List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]
    ] = None,
    on_crashed: Optional[List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]] = None,
    on_running: Optional[List[Callable[[FlowSchema, FlowRun, State], None]]] = None,
) -> Self:
    """
    Create a new flow from the current object, updating provided options.

    Args:
        name: A new name for the flow.
        version: A new version for the flow.
        description: A new description for the flow.
        flow_run_name: An optional name to distinguish runs of this flow; this name
            can be provided as a string template with the flow's parameters as variables,
            or a function that returns a string.
        task_runner: A new task runner for the flow.
        timeout_seconds: A new number of seconds to fail the flow after if still
            running.
        validate_parameters: A new value indicating if flow calls should validate
            given parameters.
        retries: A new number of times to retry on flow run failure.
        retry_delay_seconds: A new number of seconds to wait before retrying the
            flow after failure. This is only applicable if `retries` is nonzero.
        persist_result: A new option for enabling or disabling result persistence.
        result_storage: A new storage type to use for results.
        result_serializer: A new serializer to use for results.
        cache_result_in_memory: A new value indicating if the flow's result should
            be cached in memory.
        on_failure: A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a failed state.
        on_completion: A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a completed state.
        on_cancellation: A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a cancelling state.
        on_crashed: A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a crashed state.
        on_running: A new list of callables to run when the flow enters a running state.

    Returns:
        A new `Flow` instance.

    Examples:

        Create a new flow from an existing flow and update the name:

        >>> @flow(name="My flow")
        >>> def my_flow():
        >>>     return 1
        >>>
        >>> new_flow = my_flow.with_options(name="My new flow")

        Create a new flow from an existing flow, update the task runner, and call
        it without an intermediate variable:

        >>> from prefect.task_runners import ThreadPoolTaskRunner
        >>>
        >>> @flow
        >>> def my_flow(x, y):
        >>>     return x + y
        >>>
        >>> state = my_flow.with_options(task_runner=ThreadPoolTaskRunner)(1, 3)
        >>> assert state.result() == 4
    """
    new_flow = Flow(
        fn=self.fn,
        name=name or self.name,
        description=description or self.description,
        flow_run_name=flow_run_name or self.flow_run_name,
        version=version or self.version,
        task_runner=task_runner or self.task_runner,
        retries=retries if retries is not None else self.retries,
        retry_delay_seconds=(
            retry_delay_seconds
            if retry_delay_seconds is not None
            else self.retry_delay_seconds
        ),
        timeout_seconds=(
            timeout_seconds if timeout_seconds is not None else self.timeout_seconds
        ),
        validate_parameters=(
            validate_parameters
            if validate_parameters is not None
            else self.should_validate_parameters
        ),
        persist_result=(
            persist_result if persist_result is not NotSet else self.persist_result
        ),
        result_storage=(
            result_storage if result_storage is not NotSet else self.result_storage
        ),
        result_serializer=(
            result_serializer
            if result_serializer is not NotSet
            else self.result_serializer
        ),
        cache_result_in_memory=(
            cache_result_in_memory
            if cache_result_in_memory is not None
            else self.cache_result_in_memory
        ),
        log_prints=log_prints if log_prints is not NotSet else self.log_prints,
        on_completion=on_completion or self.on_completion_hooks,
        on_failure=on_failure or self.on_failure_hooks,
        on_cancellation=on_cancellation or self.on_cancellation_hooks,
        on_crashed=on_crashed or self.on_crashed_hooks,
        on_running=on_running or self.on_running_hooks,
    )
    new_flow._storage = self._storage
    new_flow._entrypoint = self._entrypoint
    return new_flow

State

Bases: ObjectBaseModel, Generic[R]

The state of a run.

Source code in src/prefect/client/schemas/objects.py

class State(ObjectBaseModel, Generic[R]):
    """
    The state of a run.
    """

    type: StateType
    name: Optional[str] = Field(default=None)
    timestamp: DateTime = Field(default_factory=lambda: pendulum.now("UTC"))
    message: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, examples=["Run started"])
    state_details: StateDetails = Field(default_factory=StateDetails)
    data: Union["BaseResult[R]", Any] = Field(
        default=None,
    )

    @overload
    def result(self: "State[R]", raise_on_failure: bool = True) -> R:
        ...

    @overload
    def result(self: "State[R]", raise_on_failure: bool = False) -> Union[R, Exception]:
        ...

    def result(
        self,
        raise_on_failure: bool = True,
        fetch: Optional[bool] = None,
        retry_result_failure: bool = True,
    ) -> Union[R, Exception]:
        """
        Retrieve the result attached to this state.

        Args:
            raise_on_failure: a boolean specifying whether to raise an exception
                if the state is of type `FAILED` and the underlying data is an exception
            fetch: a boolean specifying whether to resolve references to persisted
                results into data. For synchronous users, this defaults to `True`.
                For asynchronous users, this defaults to `False` for backwards
                compatibility.
            retry_result_failure: a boolean specifying whether to retry on failures to
                load the result from result storage

        Raises:
            TypeError: If the state is failed but the result is not an exception.

        Returns:
            The result of the run

        Examples:
            >>> from prefect import flow, task
            >>> @task
            >>> def my_task(x):
            >>>     return x

            Get the result from a task future in a flow

            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     future = my_task("hello")
            >>>     state = future.wait()
            >>>     result = state.result()
            >>>     print(result)
            >>> my_flow()
            hello

            Get the result from a flow state

            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     return "hello"
            >>> my_flow(return_state=True).result()
            hello

            Get the result from a failed state

            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     raise ValueError("oh no!")
            >>> state = my_flow(return_state=True)  # Error is wrapped in FAILED state
            >>> state.result()  # Raises `ValueError`

            Get the result from a failed state without erroring

            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     raise ValueError("oh no!")
            >>> state = my_flow(return_state=True)
            >>> result = state.result(raise_on_failure=False)
            >>> print(result)
            ValueError("oh no!")


            Get the result from a flow state in an async context

            >>> @flow
            >>> async def my_flow():
            >>>     return "hello"
            >>> state = await my_flow(return_state=True)
            >>> await state.result()
            hello
        """
        from prefect.states import get_state_result

        return get_state_result(
            self,
            raise_on_failure=raise_on_failure,
            fetch=fetch,
            retry_result_failure=retry_result_failure,
        )

    def to_state_create(self):
        """
        Convert this state to a `StateCreate` type which can be used to set the state of
        a run in the API.

        This method will drop this state's `data` if it is not a result type. Only
        results should be sent to the API. Other data is only available locally.
        """
        from prefect.client.schemas.actions import StateCreate
        from prefect.results import BaseResult

        if isinstance(self.data, BaseResult) and self.data.serialize_to_none is False:
            data = self.data
        else:
            data = None

        return StateCreate(
            type=self.type,
            name=self.name,
            message=self.message,
            data=data,
            state_details=self.state_details,
        )

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def default_name_from_type(self) -> Self:
        """If a name is not provided, use the type"""
        # if `type` is not in `values` it means the `type` didn't pass its own
        # validation check and an error will be raised after this function is called
        name = self.name
        if name is None and self.type:
            self.name = " ".join([v.capitalize() for v in self.type.value.split("_")])
        return self

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def default_scheduled_start_time(self) -> Self:
        if self.type == StateType.SCHEDULED:
            if not self.state_details.scheduled_time:
                self.state_details.scheduled_time = DateTime.now("utc")
        return self

    def is_scheduled(self) -> bool:
        return self.type == StateType.SCHEDULED

    def is_pending(self) -> bool:
        return self.type == StateType.PENDING

    def is_running(self) -> bool:
        return self.type == StateType.RUNNING

    def is_completed(self) -> bool:
        return self.type == StateType.COMPLETED

    def is_failed(self) -> bool:
        return self.type == StateType.FAILED

    def is_crashed(self) -> bool:
        return self.type == StateType.CRASHED

    def is_cancelled(self) -> bool:
        return self.type == StateType.CANCELLED

    def is_cancelling(self) -> bool:
        return self.type == StateType.CANCELLING

    def is_final(self) -> bool:
        return self.type in TERMINAL_STATES

    def is_paused(self) -> bool:
        return self.type == StateType.PAUSED

    def model_copy(
        self, *, update: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None, deep: bool = False
    ):
        """
        Copying API models should return an object that could be inserted into the
        database again. The 'timestamp' is reset using the default factory.
        """
        update = update or {}
        update.setdefault("timestamp", self.model_fields["timestamp"].get_default())
        return super().model_copy(update=update, deep=deep)

    def fresh_copy(self, **kwargs) -> Self:
        """
        Return a fresh copy of the state with a new ID.
        """
        return self.model_copy(
            update={
                "id": uuid4(),
                "created": pendulum.now("utc"),
                "updated": pendulum.now("utc"),
                "timestamp": pendulum.now("utc"),
            },
            **kwargs,
        )

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        """
        Generates a complete state representation appropriate for introspection
        and debugging, including the result:

        `MyCompletedState(message="my message", type=COMPLETED, result=...)`
        """
        result = self.data

        display = dict(
            message=repr(self.message),
            type=str(self.type.value),
            result=repr(result),
        )

        return f"{self.name}({', '.join(f'{k}={v}' for k, v in display.items())})"

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """
        Generates a simple state representation appropriate for logging:

        `MyCompletedState("my message", type=COMPLETED)`
        """

        display = []

        if self.message:
            display.append(repr(self.message))

        if self.type.value.lower() != self.name.lower():
            display.append(f"type={self.type.value}")

        return f"{self.name}({', '.join(display)})"

    def __hash__(self) -> int:
        return hash(
            (
                getattr(self.state_details, "flow_run_id", None),
                getattr(self.state_details, "task_run_id", None),
                self.timestamp,
                self.type,
            )
        )

__repr__()

Generates a complete state representation appropriate for introspection and debugging, including the result:

MyCompletedState(message="my message", type=COMPLETED, result=...)

Source code in src/prefect/client/schemas/objects.py

def __repr__(self) -> str:
    """
    Generates a complete state representation appropriate for introspection
    and debugging, including the result:

    `MyCompletedState(message="my message", type=COMPLETED, result=...)`
    """
    result = self.data

    display = dict(
        message=repr(self.message),
        type=str(self.type.value),
        result=repr(result),
    )

    return f"{self.name}({', '.join(f'{k}={v}' for k, v in display.items())})"

__str__()

Generates a simple state representation appropriate for logging:

MyCompletedState("my message", type=COMPLETED)

Source code in src/prefect/client/schemas/objects.py

def __str__(self) -> str:
    """
    Generates a simple state representation appropriate for logging:

    `MyCompletedState("my message", type=COMPLETED)`
    """

    display = []

    if self.message:
        display.append(repr(self.message))

    if self.type.value.lower() != self.name.lower():
        display.append(f"type={self.type.value}")

    return f"{self.name}({', '.join(display)})"

default_name_from_type()

If a name is not provided, use the type

Source code in src/prefect/client/schemas/objects.py

@model_validator(mode="after")
def default_name_from_type(self) -> Self:
    """If a name is not provided, use the type"""
    # if `type` is not in `values` it means the `type` didn't pass its own
    # validation check and an error will be raised after this function is called
    name = self.name
    if name is None and self.type:
        self.name = " ".join([v.capitalize() for v in self.type.value.split("_")])
    return self

fresh_copy(**kwargs)

Return a fresh copy of the state with a new ID.

Source code in src/prefect/client/schemas/objects.py

def fresh_copy(self, **kwargs) -> Self:
    """
    Return a fresh copy of the state with a new ID.
    """
    return self.model_copy(
        update={
            "id": uuid4(),
            "created": pendulum.now("utc"),
            "updated": pendulum.now("utc"),
            "timestamp": pendulum.now("utc"),
        },
        **kwargs,
    )

model_copy(*, update=None, deep=False)

Copying API models should return an object that could be inserted into the database again. The 'timestamp' is reset using the default factory.

Source code in src/prefect/client/schemas/objects.py

def model_copy(
    self, *, update: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None, deep: bool = False
):
    """
    Copying API models should return an object that could be inserted into the
    database again. The 'timestamp' is reset using the default factory.
    """
    update = update or {}
    update.setdefault("timestamp", self.model_fields["timestamp"].get_default())
    return super().model_copy(update=update, deep=deep)

result(raise_on_failure=True, fetch=None, retry_result_failure=True)

Retrieve the result attached to this state.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
raise_on_failure	bool	a boolean specifying whether to raise an exception if the state is of type FAILED and the underlying data is an exception	True
fetch	Optional[bool]	a boolean specifying whether to resolve references to persisted results into data. For synchronous users, this defaults to True. For asynchronous users, this defaults to False for backwards compatibility.	None
retry_result_failure	bool	a boolean specifying whether to retry on failures to load the result from result storage	True

Raises:

Type	Description
TypeError	If the state is failed but the result is not an exception.

Returns:

Type	Description
Union[R, Exception]	The result of the run

Examples:

>>> from prefect import flow, task
>>> @task
>>> def my_task(x):
>>>     return x

Get the result from a task future in a flow

>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     future = my_task("hello")
>>>     state = future.wait()
>>>     result = state.result()
>>>     print(result)
>>> my_flow()
hello

Get the result from a flow state

>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     return "hello"
>>> my_flow(return_state=True).result()
hello

Get the result from a failed state

>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     raise ValueError("oh no!")
>>> state = my_flow(return_state=True)  # Error is wrapped in FAILED state
>>> state.result()  # Raises `ValueError`

Get the result from a failed state without erroring

>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     raise ValueError("oh no!")
>>> state = my_flow(return_state=True)
>>> result = state.result(raise_on_failure=False)
>>> print(result)
ValueError("oh no!")

Get the result from a flow state in an async context

>>> @flow
>>> async def my_flow():
>>>     return "hello"
>>> state = await my_flow(return_state=True)
>>> await state.result()
hello

Source code in src/prefect/client/schemas/objects.py

def result(
    self,
    raise_on_failure: bool = True,
    fetch: Optional[bool] = None,
    retry_result_failure: bool = True,
) -> Union[R, Exception]:
    """
    Retrieve the result attached to this state.

    Args:
        raise_on_failure: a boolean specifying whether to raise an exception
            if the state is of type `FAILED` and the underlying data is an exception
        fetch: a boolean specifying whether to resolve references to persisted
            results into data. For synchronous users, this defaults to `True`.
            For asynchronous users, this defaults to `False` for backwards
            compatibility.
        retry_result_failure: a boolean specifying whether to retry on failures to
            load the result from result storage

    Raises:
        TypeError: If the state is failed but the result is not an exception.

    Returns:
        The result of the run

    Examples:
        >>> from prefect import flow, task
        >>> @task
        >>> def my_task(x):
        >>>     return x

        Get the result from a task future in a flow

        >>> @flow
        >>> def my_flow():
        >>>     future = my_task("hello")
        >>>     state = future.wait()
        >>>     result = state.result()
        >>>     print(result)
        >>> my_flow()
        hello

        Get the result from a flow state

        >>> @flow
        >>> def my_flow():
        >>>     return "hello"
        >>> my_flow(return_state=True).result()
        hello

        Get the result from a failed state

        >>> @flow
        >>> def my_flow():
        >>>     raise ValueError("oh no!")
        >>> state = my_flow(return_state=True)  # Error is wrapped in FAILED state
        >>> state.result()  # Raises `ValueError`

        Get the result from a failed state without erroring

        >>> @flow
        >>> def my_flow():
        >>>     raise ValueError("oh no!")
        >>> state = my_flow(return_state=True)
        >>> result = state.result(raise_on_failure=False)
        >>> print(result)
        ValueError("oh no!")


        Get the result from a flow state in an async context

        >>> @flow
        >>> async def my_flow():
        >>>     return "hello"
        >>> state = await my_flow(return_state=True)
        >>> await state.result()
        hello
    """
    from prefect.states import get_state_result

    return get_state_result(
        self,
        raise_on_failure=raise_on_failure,
        fetch=fetch,
        retry_result_failure=retry_result_failure,
    )

to_state_create()

Convert this state to a StateCreate type which can be used to set the state of a run in the API.

This method will drop this state's data if it is not a result type. Only results should be sent to the API. Other data is only available locally.

Source code in src/prefect/client/schemas/objects.py

def to_state_create(self):
    """
    Convert this state to a `StateCreate` type which can be used to set the state of
    a run in the API.

    This method will drop this state's `data` if it is not a result type. Only
    results should be sent to the API. Other data is only available locally.
    """
    from prefect.client.schemas.actions import StateCreate
    from prefect.results import BaseResult

    if isinstance(self.data, BaseResult) and self.data.serialize_to_none is False:
        data = self.data
    else:
        data = None

    return StateCreate(
        type=self.type,
        name=self.name,
        message=self.message,
        data=data,
        state_details=self.state_details,
    )

Task

Bases: Generic[P, R]

A Prefect task definition.

Note

We recommend using the @task decorator for most use-cases.

Wraps a function with an entrypoint to the Prefect engine. Calling this class within a flow function creates a new task run.

To preserve the input and output types, we use the generic type variables P and R for "Parameters" and "Returns" respectively.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
fn	Callable[P, R]	The function defining the task.	required
name	Optional[str]	An optional name for the task; if not provided, the name will be inferred from the given function.	None
description	Optional[str]	An optional string description for the task.	None
tags	Optional[Iterable[str]]	An optional set of tags to be associated with runs of this task. These tags are combined with any tags defined by a prefect.tags context at task runtime.	None
version	Optional[str]	An optional string specifying the version of this task definition	None
cache_policy	Union[CachePolicy, Type[NotSet]]	A cache policy that determines the level of caching for this task	NotSet
cache_key_fn	Optional[Callable[[TaskRunContext, Dict[str, Any]], Optional[str]]]	An optional callable that, given the task run context and call parameters, generates a string key; if the key matches a previous completed state, that state result will be restored instead of running the task again.	None
cache_expiration	Optional[timedelta]	An optional amount of time indicating how long cached states for this task should be restorable; if not provided, cached states will never expire.	None
task_run_name	Optional[Union[Callable[[], str], str]]	An optional name to distinguish runs of this task; this name can be provided as a string template with the task's keyword arguments as variables, or a function that returns a string.	None
retries	Optional[int]	An optional number of times to retry on task run failure.	None
retry_delay_seconds	Optional[Union[float, int, List[float], Callable[[int], List[float]]]]	Optionally configures how long to wait before retrying the task after failure. This is only applicable if retries is nonzero. This setting can either be a number of seconds, a list of retry delays, or a callable that, given the total number of retries, generates a list of retry delays. If a number of seconds, that delay will be applied to all retries. If a list, each retry will wait for the corresponding delay before retrying. When passing a callable or a list, the number of configured retry delays cannot exceed 50.	None
retry_jitter_factor	Optional[float]	An optional factor that defines the factor to which a retry can be jittered in order to avoid a "thundering herd".	None
persist_result	Optional[bool]	A toggle indicating whether the result of this task should be persisted to result storage. Defaults to None, which indicates that the global default should be used (which is True by default).	None
result_storage	Optional[ResultStorage]	An optional block to use to persist the result of this task. Defaults to the value set in the flow the task is called in.	None
result_storage_key	Optional[str]	An optional key to store the result in storage at when persisted. Defaults to a unique identifier.	None
result_serializer	Optional[ResultSerializer]	An optional serializer to use to serialize the result of this task for persistence. Defaults to the value set in the flow the task is called in.	None
timeout_seconds	Union[int, float, None]	An optional number of seconds indicating a maximum runtime for the task. If the task exceeds this runtime, it will be marked as failed.	None
log_prints	Optional[bool]	If set, print statements in the task will be redirected to the Prefect logger for the task run. Defaults to None, which indicates that the value from the flow should be used.	False
refresh_cache	Optional[bool]	If set, cached results for the cache key are not used. Defaults to None, which indicates that a cached result from a previous execution with matching cache key is used.	None
on_failure	Optional[List[Callable[[Task, TaskRun, State], None]]]	An optional list of callables to run when the task enters a failed state.	None
on_completion	Optional[List[Callable[[Task, TaskRun, State], None]]]	An optional list of callables to run when the task enters a completed state.	None
on_commit	Optional[List[Callable[[Transaction], None]]]	An optional list of callables to run when the task's idempotency record is committed.	None
on_rollback	Optional[List[Callable[[Transaction], None]]]	An optional list of callables to run when the task rolls back.	None
retry_condition_fn	Optional[Callable[[Task, TaskRun, State], bool]]	An optional callable run when a task run returns a Failed state. Should return True if the task should continue to its retry policy (e.g. retries=3), and False if the task should end as failed. Defaults to None, indicating the task should always continue to its retry policy.	None
viz_return_value	Optional[Any]	An optional value to return when the task dependency tree is visualized.	None

Source code in src/prefect/tasks.py

class Task(Generic[P, R]):
    """
    A Prefect task definition.

    !!! note
        We recommend using [the `@task` decorator][prefect.tasks.task] for most use-cases.

    Wraps a function with an entrypoint to the Prefect engine. Calling this class within a flow function
    creates a new task run.

    To preserve the input and output types, we use the generic type variables P and R for "Parameters" and
    "Returns" respectively.

    Args:
        fn: The function defining the task.
        name: An optional name for the task; if not provided, the name will be inferred
            from the given function.
        description: An optional string description for the task.
        tags: An optional set of tags to be associated with runs of this task. These
            tags are combined with any tags defined by a `prefect.tags` context at
            task runtime.
        version: An optional string specifying the version of this task definition
        cache_policy: A cache policy that determines the level of caching for this task
        cache_key_fn: An optional callable that, given the task run context and call
            parameters, generates a string key; if the key matches a previous completed
            state, that state result will be restored instead of running the task again.
        cache_expiration: An optional amount of time indicating how long cached states
            for this task should be restorable; if not provided, cached states will
            never expire.
        task_run_name: An optional name to distinguish runs of this task; this name can be provided
            as a string template with the task's keyword arguments as variables,
            or a function that returns a string.
        retries: An optional number of times to retry on task run failure.
        retry_delay_seconds: Optionally configures how long to wait before retrying the
            task after failure. This is only applicable if `retries` is nonzero. This
            setting can either be a number of seconds, a list of retry delays, or a
            callable that, given the total number of retries, generates a list of retry
            delays. If a number of seconds, that delay will be applied to all retries.
            If a list, each retry will wait for the corresponding delay before retrying.
            When passing a callable or a list, the number of configured retry delays
            cannot exceed 50.
        retry_jitter_factor: An optional factor that defines the factor to which a retry
            can be jittered in order to avoid a "thundering herd".
        persist_result: A toggle indicating whether the result of this task
            should be persisted to result storage. Defaults to `None`, which
            indicates that the global default should be used (which is `True` by
            default).
        result_storage: An optional block to use to persist the result of this task.
            Defaults to the value set in the flow the task is called in.
        result_storage_key: An optional key to store the result in storage at when persisted.
            Defaults to a unique identifier.
        result_serializer: An optional serializer to use to serialize the result of this
            task for persistence. Defaults to the value set in the flow the task is
            called in.
        timeout_seconds: An optional number of seconds indicating a maximum runtime for
            the task. If the task exceeds this runtime, it will be marked as failed.
        log_prints: If set, `print` statements in the task will be redirected to the
            Prefect logger for the task run. Defaults to `None`, which indicates
            that the value from the flow should be used.
        refresh_cache: If set, cached results for the cache key are not used.
            Defaults to `None`, which indicates that a cached result from a previous
            execution with matching cache key is used.
        on_failure: An optional list of callables to run when the task enters a failed state.
        on_completion: An optional list of callables to run when the task enters a completed state.
        on_commit: An optional list of callables to run when the task's idempotency record is committed.
        on_rollback: An optional list of callables to run when the task rolls back.
        retry_condition_fn: An optional callable run when a task run returns a Failed state. Should
            return `True` if the task should continue to its retry policy (e.g. `retries=3`), and `False` if the task
            should end as failed. Defaults to `None`, indicating the task should always continue
            to its retry policy.
        viz_return_value: An optional value to return when the task dependency tree is visualized.
    """

    # NOTE: These parameters (types, defaults, and docstrings) should be duplicated
    #       exactly in the @task decorator
    def __init__(
        self,
        fn: Callable[P, R],
        name: Optional[str] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        tags: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
        version: Optional[str] = None,
        cache_policy: Union[CachePolicy, Type[NotSet]] = NotSet,
        cache_key_fn: Optional[
            Callable[["TaskRunContext", Dict[str, Any]], Optional[str]]
        ] = None,
        cache_expiration: Optional[datetime.timedelta] = None,
        task_run_name: Optional[Union[Callable[[], str], str]] = None,
        retries: Optional[int] = None,
        retry_delay_seconds: Optional[
            Union[
                float,
                int,
                List[float],
                Callable[[int], List[float]],
            ]
        ] = None,
        retry_jitter_factor: Optional[float] = None,
        persist_result: Optional[bool] = None,
        result_storage: Optional[ResultStorage] = None,
        result_serializer: Optional[ResultSerializer] = None,
        result_storage_key: Optional[str] = None,
        cache_result_in_memory: bool = True,
        timeout_seconds: Union[int, float, None] = None,
        log_prints: Optional[bool] = False,
        refresh_cache: Optional[bool] = None,
        on_completion: Optional[List[Callable[["Task", TaskRun, State], None]]] = None,
        on_failure: Optional[List[Callable[["Task", TaskRun, State], None]]] = None,
        on_rollback: Optional[List[Callable[["Transaction"], None]]] = None,
        on_commit: Optional[List[Callable[["Transaction"], None]]] = None,
        retry_condition_fn: Optional[Callable[["Task", TaskRun, State], bool]] = None,
        viz_return_value: Optional[Any] = None,
    ):
        # Validate if hook passed is list and contains callables
        hook_categories = [on_completion, on_failure]
        hook_names = ["on_completion", "on_failure"]
        for hooks, hook_name in zip(hook_categories, hook_names):
            if hooks is not None:
                try:
                    hooks = list(hooks)
                except TypeError:
                    raise TypeError(
                        f"Expected iterable for '{hook_name}'; got"
                        f" {type(hooks).__name__} instead. Please provide a list of"
                        f" hooks to '{hook_name}':\n\n"
                        f"@task({hook_name}=[hook1, hook2])\ndef"
                        " my_task():\n\tpass"
                    )

                for hook in hooks:
                    if not callable(hook):
                        raise TypeError(
                            f"Expected callables in '{hook_name}'; got"
                            f" {type(hook).__name__} instead. Please provide a list of"
                            f" hooks to '{hook_name}':\n\n"
                            f"@task({hook_name}=[hook1, hook2])\ndef"
                            " my_task():\n\tpass"
                        )

        if not callable(fn):
            raise TypeError("'fn' must be callable")

        self.description = description or inspect.getdoc(fn)
        update_wrapper(self, fn)
        self.fn = fn

        # the task is considered async if its function is async or an async
        # generator
        self.isasync = inspect.iscoroutinefunction(
            self.fn
        ) or inspect.isasyncgenfunction(self.fn)

        # the task is considered a generator if its function is a generator or
        # an async generator
        self.isgenerator = inspect.isgeneratorfunction(
            self.fn
        ) or inspect.isasyncgenfunction(self.fn)

        if not name:
            if not hasattr(self.fn, "__name__"):
                self.name = type(self.fn).__name__
            else:
                self.name = self.fn.__name__
        else:
            self.name = name

        if task_run_name is not None:
            if not isinstance(task_run_name, str) and not callable(task_run_name):
                raise TypeError(
                    "Expected string or callable for 'task_run_name'; got"
                    f" {type(task_run_name).__name__} instead."
                )
        self.task_run_name = task_run_name

        self.version = version
        self.log_prints = log_prints

        raise_for_reserved_arguments(self.fn, ["return_state", "wait_for"])

        self.tags = set(tags if tags else [])

        self.task_key = _generate_task_key(self.fn)

        if cache_policy is not NotSet and cache_key_fn is not None:
            logger.warning(
                f"Both `cache_policy` and `cache_key_fn` are set on task {self}. `cache_key_fn` will be used."
            )

        if cache_key_fn:
            cache_policy = CachePolicy.from_cache_key_fn(cache_key_fn)

        # TODO: manage expiration and cache refresh
        self.cache_key_fn = cache_key_fn
        self.cache_expiration = cache_expiration
        self.refresh_cache = refresh_cache

        # result persistence settings
        if persist_result is None:
            if any(
                [
                    cache_policy and cache_policy != NONE and cache_policy != NotSet,
                    cache_key_fn is not None,
                    result_storage_key is not None,
                    result_storage is not None,
                    result_serializer is not None,
                ]
            ):
                persist_result = True

        if persist_result is False:
            self.cache_policy = None if cache_policy is None else NONE
            if cache_policy and cache_policy is not NotSet and cache_policy != NONE:
                logger.warning(
                    "Ignoring `cache_policy` because `persist_result` is False"
                )
        elif cache_policy is NotSet and result_storage_key is None:
            self.cache_policy = DEFAULT
        elif result_storage_key:
            # TODO: handle this situation with double storage
            self.cache_policy = None
        else:
            self.cache_policy = cache_policy

        # TaskRunPolicy settings
        # TODO: We can instantiate a `TaskRunPolicy` and add Pydantic bound checks to
        #       validate that the user passes positive numbers here

        self.retries = (
            retries if retries is not None else PREFECT_TASK_DEFAULT_RETRIES.value()
        )
        if retry_delay_seconds is None:
            retry_delay_seconds = PREFECT_TASK_DEFAULT_RETRY_DELAY_SECONDS.value()

        if callable(retry_delay_seconds):
            self.retry_delay_seconds = retry_delay_seconds(retries)
        else:
            self.retry_delay_seconds = retry_delay_seconds

        if isinstance(self.retry_delay_seconds, list) and (
            len(self.retry_delay_seconds) > 50
        ):
            raise ValueError("Can not configure more than 50 retry delays per task.")

        if retry_jitter_factor is not None and retry_jitter_factor < 0:
            raise ValueError("`retry_jitter_factor` must be >= 0.")

        self.retry_jitter_factor = retry_jitter_factor
        self.persist_result = persist_result

        if result_storage and not isinstance(result_storage, str):
            if getattr(result_storage, "_block_document_id", None) is None:
                raise TypeError(
                    "Result storage configuration must be persisted server-side."
                    " Please call `.save()` on your block before passing it in."
                )

        self.result_storage = result_storage
        self.result_serializer = result_serializer
        self.result_storage_key = result_storage_key
        self.cache_result_in_memory = cache_result_in_memory
        self.timeout_seconds = float(timeout_seconds) if timeout_seconds else None
        self.on_rollback_hooks = on_rollback or []
        self.on_commit_hooks = on_commit or []
        self.on_completion_hooks = on_completion or []
        self.on_failure_hooks = on_failure or []

        # retry_condition_fn must be a callable or None. If it is neither, raise a TypeError
        if retry_condition_fn is not None and not (callable(retry_condition_fn)):
            raise TypeError(
                "Expected `retry_condition_fn` to be callable, got"
                f" {type(retry_condition_fn).__name__} instead."
            )

        self.retry_condition_fn = retry_condition_fn
        self.viz_return_value = viz_return_value

    @property
    def ismethod(self) -> bool:
        return hasattr(self.fn, "__prefect_self__")

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        """
        Implement the descriptor protocol so that the task can be used as an instance method.
        When an instance method is loaded, this method is called with the "self" instance as
        an argument. We return a copy of the task with that instance bound to the task's function.
        """

        # if no instance is provided, it's being accessed on the class
        if instance is None:
            return self

        # if the task is being accessed on an instance, bind the instance to the __prefect_self__ attribute
        # of the task's function. This will allow it to be automatically added to the task's parameters
        else:
            bound_task = copy(self)
            bound_task.fn.__prefect_self__ = instance
            return bound_task

    def with_options(
        self,
        *,
        name: Optional[str] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        tags: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
        cache_policy: Union[CachePolicy, Type[NotSet]] = NotSet,
        cache_key_fn: Optional[
            Callable[["TaskRunContext", Dict[str, Any]], Optional[str]]
        ] = None,
        task_run_name: Optional[Union[Callable[[], str], str, Type[NotSet]]] = NotSet,
        cache_expiration: Optional[datetime.timedelta] = None,
        retries: Union[int, Type[NotSet]] = NotSet,
        retry_delay_seconds: Union[
            float,
            int,
            List[float],
            Callable[[int], List[float]],
            Type[NotSet],
        ] = NotSet,
        retry_jitter_factor: Union[float, Type[NotSet]] = NotSet,
        persist_result: Union[bool, Type[NotSet]] = NotSet,
        result_storage: Union[ResultStorage, Type[NotSet]] = NotSet,
        result_serializer: Union[ResultSerializer, Type[NotSet]] = NotSet,
        result_storage_key: Union[str, Type[NotSet]] = NotSet,
        cache_result_in_memory: Optional[bool] = None,
        timeout_seconds: Union[int, float, None] = None,
        log_prints: Union[bool, Type[NotSet]] = NotSet,
        refresh_cache: Union[bool, Type[NotSet]] = NotSet,
        on_completion: Optional[
            List[Callable[["Task", TaskRun, State], Union[Awaitable[None], None]]]
        ] = None,
        on_failure: Optional[
            List[Callable[["Task", TaskRun, State], Union[Awaitable[None], None]]]
        ] = None,
        retry_condition_fn: Optional[Callable[["Task", TaskRun, State], bool]] = None,
        viz_return_value: Optional[Any] = None,
    ):
        """
        Create a new task from the current object, updating provided options.

        Args:
            name: A new name for the task.
            description: A new description for the task.
            tags: A new set of tags for the task. If given, existing tags are ignored,
                not merged.
            cache_key_fn: A new cache key function for the task.
            cache_expiration: A new cache expiration time for the task.
            task_run_name: An optional name to distinguish runs of this task; this name can be provided
                as a string template with the task's keyword arguments as variables,
                or a function that returns a string.
            retries: A new number of times to retry on task run failure.
            retry_delay_seconds: Optionally configures how long to wait before retrying
                the task after failure. This is only applicable if `retries` is nonzero.
                This setting can either be a number of seconds, a list of retry delays,
                or a callable that, given the total number of retries, generates a list
                of retry delays. If a number of seconds, that delay will be applied to
                all retries. If a list, each retry will wait for the corresponding delay
                before retrying. When passing a callable or a list, the number of
                configured retry delays cannot exceed 50.
            retry_jitter_factor: An optional factor that defines the factor to which a
                retry can be jittered in order to avoid a "thundering herd".
            persist_result: A new option for enabling or disabling result persistence.
            result_storage: A new storage type to use for results.
            result_serializer: A new serializer to use for results.
            result_storage_key: A new key for the persisted result to be stored at.
            timeout_seconds: A new maximum time for the task to complete in seconds.
            log_prints: A new option for enabling or disabling redirection of `print` statements.
            refresh_cache: A new option for enabling or disabling cache refresh.
            on_completion: A new list of callables to run when the task enters a completed state.
            on_failure: A new list of callables to run when the task enters a failed state.
            retry_condition_fn: An optional callable run when a task run returns a Failed state.
                Should return `True` if the task should continue to its retry policy, and `False`
                if the task should end as failed. Defaults to `None`, indicating the task should
                always continue to its retry policy.
            viz_return_value: An optional value to return when the task dependency tree is visualized.

        Returns:
            A new `Task` instance.

        Examples:

            Create a new task from an existing task and update the name

            >>> @task(name="My task")
            >>> def my_task():
            >>>     return 1
            >>>
            >>> new_task = my_task.with_options(name="My new task")

            Create a new task from an existing task and update the retry settings

            >>> from random import randint
            >>>
            >>> @task(retries=1, retry_delay_seconds=5)
            >>> def my_task():
            >>>     x = randint(0, 5)
            >>>     if x >= 3:  # Make a task that fails sometimes
            >>>         raise ValueError("Retry me please!")
            >>>     return x
            >>>
            >>> new_task = my_task.with_options(retries=5, retry_delay_seconds=2)

            Use a task with updated options within a flow

            >>> @task(name="My task")
            >>> def my_task():
            >>>     return 1
            >>>
            >>> @flow
            >>> my_flow():
            >>>     new_task = my_task.with_options(name="My new task")
            >>>     new_task()
        """
        return Task(
            fn=self.fn,
            name=name or self.name,
            description=description or self.description,
            tags=tags or copy(self.tags),
            cache_policy=cache_policy
            if cache_policy is not NotSet
            else self.cache_policy,
            cache_key_fn=cache_key_fn or self.cache_key_fn,
            cache_expiration=cache_expiration or self.cache_expiration,
            task_run_name=task_run_name
            if task_run_name is not NotSet
            else self.task_run_name,
            retries=retries if retries is not NotSet else self.retries,
            retry_delay_seconds=(
                retry_delay_seconds
                if retry_delay_seconds is not NotSet
                else self.retry_delay_seconds
            ),
            retry_jitter_factor=(
                retry_jitter_factor
                if retry_jitter_factor is not NotSet
                else self.retry_jitter_factor
            ),
            persist_result=(
                persist_result if persist_result is not NotSet else self.persist_result
            ),
            result_storage=(
                result_storage if result_storage is not NotSet else self.result_storage
            ),
            result_storage_key=(
                result_storage_key
                if result_storage_key is not NotSet
                else self.result_storage_key
            ),
            result_serializer=(
                result_serializer
                if result_serializer is not NotSet
                else self.result_serializer
            ),
            cache_result_in_memory=(
                cache_result_in_memory
                if cache_result_in_memory is not None
                else self.cache_result_in_memory
            ),
            timeout_seconds=(
                timeout_seconds if timeout_seconds is not None else self.timeout_seconds
            ),
            log_prints=(log_prints if log_prints is not NotSet else self.log_prints),
            refresh_cache=(
                refresh_cache if refresh_cache is not NotSet else self.refresh_cache
            ),
            on_completion=on_completion or self.on_completion_hooks,
            on_failure=on_failure or self.on_failure_hooks,
            retry_condition_fn=retry_condition_fn or self.retry_condition_fn,
            viz_return_value=viz_return_value or self.viz_return_value,
        )

    def on_completion(
        self, fn: Callable[["Task", TaskRun, State], None]
    ) -> Callable[["Task", TaskRun, State], None]:
        self.on_completion_hooks.append(fn)
        return fn

    def on_failure(
        self, fn: Callable[["Task", TaskRun, State], None]
    ) -> Callable[["Task", TaskRun, State], None]:
        self.on_failure_hooks.append(fn)
        return fn

    def on_commit(
        self, fn: Callable[["Transaction"], None]
    ) -> Callable[["Transaction"], None]:
        self.on_commit_hooks.append(fn)
        return fn

    def on_rollback(
        self, fn: Callable[["Transaction"], None]
    ) -> Callable[["Transaction"], None]:
        self.on_rollback_hooks.append(fn)
        return fn

    async def create_run(
        self,
        client: Optional["PrefectClient"] = None,
        id: Optional[UUID] = None,
        parameters: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        flow_run_context: Optional[FlowRunContext] = None,
        parent_task_run_context: Optional[TaskRunContext] = None,
        wait_for: Optional[Iterable[PrefectFuture]] = None,
        extra_task_inputs: Optional[Dict[str, Set[TaskRunInput]]] = None,
        deferred: bool = False,
    ) -> TaskRun:
        from prefect.utilities.engine import (
            _dynamic_key_for_task_run,
            collect_task_run_inputs_sync,
        )

        if flow_run_context is None:
            flow_run_context = FlowRunContext.get()
        if parent_task_run_context is None:
            parent_task_run_context = TaskRunContext.get()
        if parameters is None:
            parameters = {}
        if client is None:
            client = get_client()

        async with client:
            if not flow_run_context:
                dynamic_key = f"{self.task_key}-{str(uuid4().hex)}"
                task_run_name = self.name
            else:
                dynamic_key = _dynamic_key_for_task_run(
                    context=flow_run_context, task=self
                )
                task_run_name = f"{self.name}-{dynamic_key}"

            if deferred:
                state = Scheduled()
                state.state_details.deferred = True
            else:
                state = Pending()

            # store parameters for background tasks so that task worker
            # can retrieve them at runtime
            if deferred and (parameters or wait_for):
                parameters_id = uuid4()
                state.state_details.task_parameters_id = parameters_id

                # TODO: Improve use of result storage for parameter storage / reference
                self.persist_result = True

                store = await ResultStore(
                    result_storage=await get_or_create_default_task_scheduling_storage()
                ).update_for_task(self)
                context = serialize_context()
                data: Dict[str, Any] = {"context": context}
                if parameters:
                    data["parameters"] = parameters
                if wait_for:
                    data["wait_for"] = wait_for
                await store.store_parameters(parameters_id, data)

            # collect task inputs
            task_inputs = {
                k: collect_task_run_inputs_sync(v) for k, v in parameters.items()
            }

            # collect all parent dependencies
            if task_parents := _infer_parent_task_runs(
                flow_run_context=flow_run_context,
                task_run_context=parent_task_run_context,
                parameters=parameters,
            ):
                task_inputs["__parents__"] = task_parents

            # check wait for dependencies
            if wait_for:
                task_inputs["wait_for"] = collect_task_run_inputs_sync(wait_for)

            # Join extra task inputs
            for k, extras in (extra_task_inputs or {}).items():
                task_inputs[k] = task_inputs[k].union(extras)

            # create the task run
            task_run = client.create_task_run(
                task=self,
                name=task_run_name,
                flow_run_id=(
                    getattr(flow_run_context.flow_run, "id", None)
                    if flow_run_context and flow_run_context.flow_run
                    else None
                ),
                dynamic_key=str(dynamic_key),
                id=id,
                state=state,
                task_inputs=task_inputs,
                extra_tags=TagsContext.get().current_tags,
            )
            # the new engine uses sync clients but old engines use async clients
            if inspect.isawaitable(task_run):
                task_run = await task_run

            return task_run

    async def create_local_run(
        self,
        client: Optional["PrefectClient"] = None,
        id: Optional[UUID] = None,
        parameters: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        flow_run_context: Optional[FlowRunContext] = None,
        parent_task_run_context: Optional[TaskRunContext] = None,
        wait_for: Optional[Iterable[PrefectFuture]] = None,
        extra_task_inputs: Optional[Dict[str, Set[TaskRunInput]]] = None,
        deferred: bool = False,
    ) -> TaskRun:
        from prefect.utilities.engine import (
            _dynamic_key_for_task_run,
            collect_task_run_inputs_sync,
        )

        if flow_run_context is None:
            flow_run_context = FlowRunContext.get()
        if parent_task_run_context is None:
            parent_task_run_context = TaskRunContext.get()
        if parameters is None:
            parameters = {}
        if client is None:
            client = get_client()

        async with client:
            if not flow_run_context:
                dynamic_key = f"{self.task_key}-{str(uuid4().hex)}"
                task_run_name = self.name
            else:
                dynamic_key = _dynamic_key_for_task_run(
                    context=flow_run_context, task=self, stable=False
                )
                task_run_name = f"{self.name}-{dynamic_key[:3]}"

            if deferred:
                state = Scheduled()
                state.state_details.deferred = True
            else:
                state = Pending()

            # store parameters for background tasks so that task worker
            # can retrieve them at runtime
            if deferred and (parameters or wait_for):
                parameters_id = uuid4()
                state.state_details.task_parameters_id = parameters_id

                # TODO: Improve use of result storage for parameter storage / reference
                self.persist_result = True

                store = await ResultStore(
                    result_storage=await get_or_create_default_task_scheduling_storage()
                ).update_for_task(task)
                context = serialize_context()
                data: Dict[str, Any] = {"context": context}
                if parameters:
                    data["parameters"] = parameters
                if wait_for:
                    data["wait_for"] = wait_for
                await store.store_parameters(parameters_id, data)

            # collect task inputs
            task_inputs = {
                k: collect_task_run_inputs_sync(v) for k, v in parameters.items()
            }

            # collect all parent dependencies
            if task_parents := _infer_parent_task_runs(
                flow_run_context=flow_run_context,
                task_run_context=parent_task_run_context,
                parameters=parameters,
            ):
                task_inputs["__parents__"] = task_parents

            # check wait for dependencies
            if wait_for:
                task_inputs["wait_for"] = collect_task_run_inputs_sync(wait_for)

            # Join extra task inputs
            for k, extras in (extra_task_inputs or {}).items():
                task_inputs[k] = task_inputs[k].union(extras)

            flow_run_id = (
                getattr(flow_run_context.flow_run, "id", None)
                if flow_run_context and flow_run_context.flow_run
                else None
            )
            task_run_id = id or uuid4()
            state = prefect.states.Pending(
                state_details=StateDetails(
                    task_run_id=task_run_id,
                    flow_run_id=flow_run_id,
                )
            )
            task_run = TaskRun(
                id=task_run_id,
                name=task_run_name,
                flow_run_id=flow_run_id,
                task_key=self.task_key,
                dynamic_key=str(dynamic_key),
                task_version=self.version,
                empirical_policy=TaskRunPolicy(
                    retries=self.retries,
                    retry_delay=self.retry_delay_seconds,
                    retry_jitter_factor=self.retry_jitter_factor,
                ),
                tags=list(set(self.tags).union(TagsContext.get().current_tags or [])),
                task_inputs=task_inputs or {},
                expected_start_time=state.timestamp,
                state_id=state.id,
                state_type=state.type,
                state_name=state.name,
                state=state,
                created=state.timestamp,
                updated=state.timestamp,
            )

            return task_run

    @overload
    def __call__(
        self: "Task[P, NoReturn]",
        *args: P.args,
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> None:
        # `NoReturn` matches if a type can't be inferred for the function which stops a
        # sync function from matching the `Coroutine` overload
        ...

    @overload
    def __call__(
        self: "Task[P, T]",
        *args: P.args,
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> T:
        ...

    @overload
    def __call__(
        self: "Task[P, T]",
        *args: P.args,
        return_state: Literal[True],
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> State[T]:
        ...

    def __call__(
        self,
        *args: P.args,
        return_state: bool = False,
        wait_for: Optional[Iterable[PrefectFuture]] = None,
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ):
        """
        Run the task and return the result. If `return_state` is True returns
        the result is wrapped in a Prefect State which provides error handling.
        """
        from prefect.utilities.visualization import (
            get_task_viz_tracker,
            track_viz_task,
        )

        # Convert the call args/kwargs to a parameter dict
        parameters = get_call_parameters(self.fn, args, kwargs)

        return_type = "state" if return_state else "result"

        task_run_tracker = get_task_viz_tracker()
        if task_run_tracker:
            return track_viz_task(
                self.isasync, self.name, parameters, self.viz_return_value
            )

        from prefect.task_engine import run_task

        return run_task(
            task=self,
            parameters=parameters,
            wait_for=wait_for,
            return_type=return_type,
        )

    @overload
    def submit(
        self: "Task[P, NoReturn]",
        *args: P.args,
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> PrefectFuture[NoReturn]:
        # `NoReturn` matches if a type can't be inferred for the function which stops a
        # sync function from matching the `Coroutine` overload
        ...

    @overload
    def submit(
        self: "Task[P, Coroutine[Any, Any, T]]",
        *args: P.args,
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> PrefectFuture[T]:
        ...

    @overload
    def submit(
        self: "Task[P, T]",
        *args: P.args,
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> PrefectFuture[T]:
        ...

    @overload
    def submit(
        self: "Task[P, Coroutine[Any, Any, T]]",
        *args: P.args,
        return_state: Literal[True],
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> State[T]:
        ...

    @overload
    def submit(
        self: "Task[P, T]",
        *args: P.args,
        return_state: Literal[True],
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> State[T]:
        ...

    def submit(
        self,
        *args: Any,
        return_state: bool = False,
        wait_for: Optional[Iterable[PrefectFuture]] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ):
        """
        Submit a run of the task to the engine.

        Will create a new task run in the backing API and submit the task to the flow's
        task runner. This call only blocks execution while the task is being submitted,
        once it is submitted, the flow function will continue executing.

        Args:
            *args: Arguments to run the task with
            return_state: Return the result of the flow run wrapped in a
                Prefect State.
            wait_for: Upstream task futures to wait for before starting the task
            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to run the task with

        Returns:
            If `return_state` is False a future allowing asynchronous access to
                the state of the task
            If `return_state` is True a future wrapped in a Prefect State allowing asynchronous access to
                the state of the task

        Examples:

            Define a task

            >>> from prefect import task
            >>> @task
            >>> def my_task():
            >>>     return "hello"

            Run a task in a flow

            >>> from prefect import flow
            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     my_task.submit()

            Wait for a task to finish

            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     my_task.submit().wait()

            Use the result from a task in a flow

            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     print(my_task.submit().result())
            >>>
            >>> my_flow()
            hello

            Run an async task in an async flow

            >>> @task
            >>> async def my_async_task():
            >>>     pass
            >>>
            >>> @flow
            >>> async def my_flow():
            >>>     await my_async_task.submit()

            Run a sync task in an async flow

            >>> @flow
            >>> async def my_flow():
            >>>     my_task.submit()

            Enforce ordering between tasks that do not exchange data
            >>> @task
            >>> def task_1():
            >>>     pass
            >>>
            >>> @task
            >>> def task_2():
            >>>     pass
            >>>
            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     x = task_1.submit()
            >>>
            >>>     # task 2 will wait for task_1 to complete
            >>>     y = task_2.submit(wait_for=[x])

        """

        from prefect.utilities.visualization import (
            VisualizationUnsupportedError,
            get_task_viz_tracker,
        )

        # Convert the call args/kwargs to a parameter dict
        parameters = get_call_parameters(self.fn, args, kwargs)
        flow_run_context = FlowRunContext.get()

        if not flow_run_context:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "Unable to determine task runner to use for submission. If you are"
                " submitting a task outside of a flow, please use `.delay`"
                " to submit the task run for deferred execution."
            )

        task_viz_tracker = get_task_viz_tracker()
        if task_viz_tracker:
            raise VisualizationUnsupportedError(
                "`task.submit()` is not currently supported by `flow.visualize()`"
            )

        task_runner = flow_run_context.task_runner
        future = task_runner.submit(self, parameters, wait_for)
        if return_state:
            future.wait()
            return future.state
        else:
            return future

    @overload
    def map(
        self: "Task[P, NoReturn]",
        *args: P.args,
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> PrefectFutureList[PrefectFuture[NoReturn]]:
        ...

    @overload
    def map(
        self: "Task[P, Coroutine[Any, Any, T]]",
        *args: P.args,
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> PrefectFutureList[PrefectFuture[T]]:
        ...

    @overload
    def map(
        self: "Task[P, T]",
        *args: P.args,
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> PrefectFutureList[PrefectFuture[T]]:
        ...

    @overload
    def map(
        self: "Task[P, Coroutine[Any, Any, T]]",
        *args: P.args,
        return_state: Literal[True],
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> PrefectFutureList[State[T]]:
        ...

    @overload
    def map(
        self: "Task[P, T]",
        *args: P.args,
        return_state: Literal[True],
        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
    ) -> PrefectFutureList[State[T]]:
        ...

    def map(
        self,
        *args: Any,
        return_state: bool = False,
        wait_for: Optional[Iterable[PrefectFuture]] = None,
        deferred: bool = False,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ):
        """
        Submit a mapped run of the task to a worker.

        Must be called within a flow run context. Will return a list of futures
        that should be waited on before exiting the flow context to ensure all
        mapped tasks have completed.

        Must be called with at least one iterable and all iterables must be
        the same length. Any arguments that are not iterable will be treated as
        a static value and each task run will receive the same value.

        Will create as many task runs as the length of the iterable(s) in the
        backing API and submit the task runs to the flow's task runner. This
        call blocks if given a future as input while the future is resolved. It
        also blocks while the tasks are being submitted, once they are
        submitted, the flow function will continue executing.

        Args:
            *args: Iterable and static arguments to run the tasks with
            return_state: Return a list of Prefect States that wrap the results
                of each task run.
            wait_for: Upstream task futures to wait for before starting the
                task
            **kwargs: Keyword iterable arguments to run the task with

        Returns:
            A list of futures allowing asynchronous access to the state of the
            tasks

        Examples:

            Define a task

            >>> from prefect import task
            >>> @task
            >>> def my_task(x):
            >>>     return x + 1

            Create mapped tasks

            >>> from prefect import flow
            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     return my_task.map([1, 2, 3])

            Wait for all mapped tasks to finish

            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     futures = my_task.map([1, 2, 3])
            >>>     futures.wait():
            >>>     # Now all of the mapped tasks have finished
            >>>     my_task(10)

            Use the result from mapped tasks in a flow

            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     futures = my_task.map([1, 2, 3])
            >>>     for x in futures.result():
            >>>         print(x)
            >>> my_flow()
            2
            3
            4

            Enforce ordering between tasks that do not exchange data
            >>> @task
            >>> def task_1(x):
            >>>     pass
            >>>
            >>> @task
            >>> def task_2(y):
            >>>     pass
            >>>
            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     x = task_1.submit()
            >>>
            >>>     # task 2 will wait for task_1 to complete
            >>>     y = task_2.map([1, 2, 3], wait_for=[x])
            >>>     return y

            Use a non-iterable input as a constant across mapped tasks
            >>> @task
            >>> def display(prefix, item):
            >>>    print(prefix, item)
            >>>
            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     return display.map("Check it out: ", [1, 2, 3])
            >>>
            >>> my_flow()
            Check it out: 1
            Check it out: 2
            Check it out: 3

            Use `unmapped` to treat an iterable argument as a constant
            >>> from prefect import unmapped
            >>>
            >>> @task
            >>> def add_n_to_items(items, n):
            >>>     return [item + n for item in items]
            >>>
            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     return add_n_to_items.map(unmapped([10, 20]), n=[1, 2, 3])
            >>>
            >>> my_flow()
            [[11, 21], [12, 22], [13, 23]]
        """

        from prefect.task_runners import TaskRunner
        from prefect.utilities.visualization import (
            VisualizationUnsupportedError,
            get_task_viz_tracker,
        )

        # Convert the call args/kwargs to a parameter dict; do not apply defaults
        # since they should not be mapped over
        parameters = get_call_parameters(self.fn, args, kwargs, apply_defaults=False)
        flow_run_context = FlowRunContext.get()

        task_viz_tracker = get_task_viz_tracker()
        if task_viz_tracker:
            raise VisualizationUnsupportedError(
                "`task.map()` is not currently supported by `flow.visualize()`"
            )

        if deferred:
            parameters_list = expand_mapping_parameters(self.fn, parameters)
            futures = [
                self.apply_async(kwargs=parameters, wait_for=wait_for)
                for parameters in parameters_list
            ]
        elif task_runner := getattr(flow_run_context, "task_runner", None):
            assert isinstance(task_runner, TaskRunner)
            futures = task_runner.map(self, parameters, wait_for)
        else:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "Unable to determine task runner to use for mapped task runs. If"
                " you are mapping a task outside of a flow, please provide"
                " `deferred=True` to submit the mapped task runs for deferred"
                " execution."
            )
        if return_state:
            states = []
            for future in futures:
                future.wait()
                states.append(future.state)
            return states
        else:
            return futures

    def apply_async(
        self,
        args: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
        kwargs: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        wait_for: Optional[Iterable[PrefectFuture]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Dict[str, Set[TaskRunInput]]] = None,
    ) -> PrefectDistributedFuture:
        """
        Create a pending task run for a task worker to execute.

        Args:
            args: Arguments to run the task with
            kwargs: Keyword arguments to run the task with

        Returns:
            A PrefectDistributedFuture object representing the pending task run

        Examples:

            Define a task

            >>> from prefect import task
            >>> @task
            >>> def my_task(name: str = "world"):
            >>>     return f"hello {name}"

            Create a pending task run for the task

            >>> from prefect import flow
            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     my_task.apply_async(("marvin",))

            Wait for a task to finish

            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     my_task.apply_async(("marvin",)).wait()


            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     print(my_task.apply_async(("marvin",)).result())
            >>>
            >>> my_flow()
            hello marvin

            TODO: Enforce ordering between tasks that do not exchange data
            >>> @task
            >>> def task_1():
            >>>     pass
            >>>
            >>> @task
            >>> def task_2():
            >>>     pass
            >>>
            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     x = task_1.apply_async()
            >>>
            >>>     # task 2 will wait for task_1 to complete
            >>>     y = task_2.apply_async(wait_for=[x])

        """
        from prefect.utilities.visualization import (
            VisualizationUnsupportedError,
            get_task_viz_tracker,
        )

        task_viz_tracker = get_task_viz_tracker()
        if task_viz_tracker:
            raise VisualizationUnsupportedError(
                "`task.apply_async()` is not currently supported by `flow.visualize()`"
            )
        args = args or ()
        kwargs = kwargs or {}

        # Convert the call args/kwargs to a parameter dict
        parameters = get_call_parameters(self.fn, args, kwargs)

        task_run: TaskRun = run_coro_as_sync(
            self.create_run(
                parameters=parameters,
                deferred=True,
                wait_for=wait_for,
                extra_task_inputs=dependencies,
            )
        )  # type: ignore

        from prefect.utilities.engine import emit_task_run_state_change_event

        # emit a `SCHEDULED` event for the task run
        emit_task_run_state_change_event(
            task_run=task_run,
            initial_state=None,
            validated_state=task_run.state,
        )

        if task_run_url := url_for(task_run):
            logger.info(
                f"Created task run {task_run.name!r}. View it in the UI at {task_run_url!r}"
            )

        return PrefectDistributedFuture(task_run_id=task_run.id)

    def delay(self, *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> PrefectDistributedFuture:
        """
        An alias for `apply_async` with simpler calling semantics.

        Avoids having to use explicit "args" and "kwargs" arguments. Arguments
        will pass through as-is to the task.

        Examples:

                Define a task

                >>> from prefect import task
                >>> @task
                >>> def my_task(name: str = "world"):
                >>>     return f"hello {name}"

                Create a pending task run for the task

                >>> from prefect import flow
                >>> @flow
                >>> def my_flow():
                >>>     my_task.delay("marvin")

                Wait for a task to finish

                >>> @flow
                >>> def my_flow():
                >>>     my_task.delay("marvin").wait()

                Use the result from a task in a flow

                >>> @flow
                >>> def my_flow():
                >>>     print(my_task.delay("marvin").result())
                >>>
                >>> my_flow()
                hello marvin
        """
        return self.apply_async(args=args, kwargs=kwargs)

    @sync_compatible
    async def serve(self) -> NoReturn:
        """Serve the task using the provided task runner. This method is used to
        establish a websocket connection with the Prefect server and listen for
        submitted task runs to execute.

        Args:
            task_runner: The task runner to use for serving the task. If not provided,
                the default task runner will be used.

        Examples:
            Serve a task using the default task runner
            >>> @task
            >>> def my_task():
            >>>     return 1

            >>> my_task.serve()
        """
        from prefect.task_worker import serve

        await serve(self)

__call__(*args, return_state=False, wait_for=None, **kwargs)

Run the task and return the result. If return_state is True returns the result is wrapped in a Prefect State which provides error handling.

Source code in src/prefect/tasks.py

def __call__(
    self,
    *args: P.args,
    return_state: bool = False,
    wait_for: Optional[Iterable[PrefectFuture]] = None,
    **kwargs: P.kwargs,
):
    """
    Run the task and return the result. If `return_state` is True returns
    the result is wrapped in a Prefect State which provides error handling.
    """
    from prefect.utilities.visualization import (
        get_task_viz_tracker,
        track_viz_task,
    )

    # Convert the call args/kwargs to a parameter dict
    parameters = get_call_parameters(self.fn, args, kwargs)

    return_type = "state" if return_state else "result"

    task_run_tracker = get_task_viz_tracker()
    if task_run_tracker:
        return track_viz_task(
            self.isasync, self.name, parameters, self.viz_return_value
        )

    from prefect.task_engine import run_task

    return run_task(
        task=self,
        parameters=parameters,
        wait_for=wait_for,
        return_type=return_type,
    )

__get__(instance, owner)

Implement the descriptor protocol so that the task can be used as an instance method. When an instance method is loaded, this method is called with the "self" instance as an argument. We return a copy of the task with that instance bound to the task's function.

Source code in src/prefect/tasks.py

def __get__(self, instance, owner):
    """
    Implement the descriptor protocol so that the task can be used as an instance method.
    When an instance method is loaded, this method is called with the "self" instance as
    an argument. We return a copy of the task with that instance bound to the task's function.
    """

    # if no instance is provided, it's being accessed on the class
    if instance is None:
        return self

    # if the task is being accessed on an instance, bind the instance to the __prefect_self__ attribute
    # of the task's function. This will allow it to be automatically added to the task's parameters
    else:
        bound_task = copy(self)
        bound_task.fn.__prefect_self__ = instance
        return bound_task

apply_async(args=None, kwargs=None, wait_for=None, dependencies=None)

Create a pending task run for a task worker to execute.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
args	Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]]	Arguments to run the task with	None
kwargs	Optional[Dict[str, Any]]	Keyword arguments to run the task with	None

Returns:

Type	Description
PrefectDistributedFuture	A PrefectDistributedFuture object representing the pending task run

Define a task

>>> from prefect import task
>>> @task
>>> def my_task(name: str = "world"):
>>>     return f"hello {name}"

Create a pending task run for the task

>>> from prefect import flow
>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     my_task.apply_async(("marvin",))

Wait for a task to finish

>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     my_task.apply_async(("marvin",)).wait()


>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     print(my_task.apply_async(("marvin",)).result())
>>>
>>> my_flow()
hello marvin

TODO: Enforce ordering between tasks that do not exchange data
>>> @task
>>> def task_1():
>>>     pass
>>>
>>> @task
>>> def task_2():
>>>     pass
>>>
>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     x = task_1.apply_async()
>>>
>>>     # task 2 will wait for task_1 to complete
>>>     y = task_2.apply_async(wait_for=[x])

Source code in src/prefect/tasks.py

def apply_async(
    self,
    args: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
    kwargs: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
    wait_for: Optional[Iterable[PrefectFuture]] = None,
    dependencies: Optional[Dict[str, Set[TaskRunInput]]] = None,
) -> PrefectDistributedFuture:
    """
    Create a pending task run for a task worker to execute.

    Args:
        args: Arguments to run the task with
        kwargs: Keyword arguments to run the task with

    Returns:
        A PrefectDistributedFuture object representing the pending task run

    Examples:

        Define a task

        >>> from prefect import task
        >>> @task
        >>> def my_task(name: str = "world"):
        >>>     return f"hello {name}"

        Create a pending task run for the task

        >>> from prefect import flow
        >>> @flow
        >>> def my_flow():
        >>>     my_task.apply_async(("marvin",))

        Wait for a task to finish

        >>> @flow
        >>> def my_flow():
        >>>     my_task.apply_async(("marvin",)).wait()


        >>> @flow
        >>> def my_flow():
        >>>     print(my_task.apply_async(("marvin",)).result())
        >>>
        >>> my_flow()
        hello marvin

        TODO: Enforce ordering between tasks that do not exchange data
        >>> @task
        >>> def task_1():
        >>>     pass
        >>>
        >>> @task
        >>> def task_2():
        >>>     pass
        >>>
        >>> @flow
        >>> def my_flow():
        >>>     x = task_1.apply_async()
        >>>
        >>>     # task 2 will wait for task_1 to complete
        >>>     y = task_2.apply_async(wait_for=[x])

    """
    from prefect.utilities.visualization import (
        VisualizationUnsupportedError,
        get_task_viz_tracker,
    )

    task_viz_tracker = get_task_viz_tracker()
    if task_viz_tracker:
        raise VisualizationUnsupportedError(
            "`task.apply_async()` is not currently supported by `flow.visualize()`"
        )
    args = args or ()
    kwargs = kwargs or {}

    # Convert the call args/kwargs to a parameter dict
    parameters = get_call_parameters(self.fn, args, kwargs)

    task_run: TaskRun = run_coro_as_sync(
        self.create_run(
            parameters=parameters,
            deferred=True,
            wait_for=wait_for,
            extra_task_inputs=dependencies,
        )
    )  # type: ignore

    from prefect.utilities.engine import emit_task_run_state_change_event

    # emit a `SCHEDULED` event for the task run
    emit_task_run_state_change_event(
        task_run=task_run,
        initial_state=None,
        validated_state=task_run.state,
    )

    if task_run_url := url_for(task_run):
        logger.info(
            f"Created task run {task_run.name!r}. View it in the UI at {task_run_url!r}"
        )

    return PrefectDistributedFuture(task_run_id=task_run.id)

delay(*args, **kwargs)

An alias for apply_async with simpler calling semantics.

Avoids having to use explicit "args" and "kwargs" arguments. Arguments will pass through as-is to the task.

Examples:

    Define a task

    >>> from prefect import task
    >>> @task
    >>> def my_task(name: str = "world"):
    >>>     return f"hello {name}"

    Create a pending task run for the task

    >>> from prefect import flow
    >>> @flow
    >>> def my_flow():
    >>>     my_task.delay("marvin")

    Wait for a task to finish

    >>> @flow
    >>> def my_flow():
    >>>     my_task.delay("marvin").wait()

    Use the result from a task in a flow

    >>> @flow
    >>> def my_flow():
    >>>     print(my_task.delay("marvin").result())
    >>>
    >>> my_flow()
    hello marvin

Source code in src/prefect/tasks.py

def delay(self, *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> PrefectDistributedFuture:
    """
    An alias for `apply_async` with simpler calling semantics.

    Avoids having to use explicit "args" and "kwargs" arguments. Arguments
    will pass through as-is to the task.

    Examples:

            Define a task

            >>> from prefect import task
            >>> @task
            >>> def my_task(name: str = "world"):
            >>>     return f"hello {name}"

            Create a pending task run for the task

            >>> from prefect import flow
            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     my_task.delay("marvin")

            Wait for a task to finish

            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     my_task.delay("marvin").wait()

            Use the result from a task in a flow

            >>> @flow
            >>> def my_flow():
            >>>     print(my_task.delay("marvin").result())
            >>>
            >>> my_flow()
            hello marvin
    """
    return self.apply_async(args=args, kwargs=kwargs)

map(*args, return_state=False, wait_for=None, deferred=False, **kwargs)

Submit a mapped run of the task to a worker.

Must be called within a flow run context. Will return a list of futures that should be waited on before exiting the flow context to ensure all mapped tasks have completed.

Must be called with at least one iterable and all iterables must be the same length. Any arguments that are not iterable will be treated as a static value and each task run will receive the same value.

Will create as many task runs as the length of the iterable(s) in the backing API and submit the task runs to the flow's task runner. This call blocks if given a future as input while the future is resolved. It also blocks while the tasks are being submitted, once they are submitted, the flow function will continue executing.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
*args	Any	Iterable and static arguments to run the tasks with	()
return_state	bool	Return a list of Prefect States that wrap the results of each task run.	False
wait_for	Optional[Iterable[PrefectFuture]]	Upstream task futures to wait for before starting the task	None
**kwargs	Any	Keyword iterable arguments to run the task with	{}

Returns:

Type	Description
	A list of futures allowing asynchronous access to the state of the
	tasks

Define a task

>>> from prefect import task
>>> @task
>>> def my_task(x):
>>>     return x + 1

Create mapped tasks

>>> from prefect import flow
>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     return my_task.map([1, 2, 3])

Wait for all mapped tasks to finish

>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     futures = my_task.map([1, 2, 3])
>>>     futures.wait():
>>>     # Now all of the mapped tasks have finished
>>>     my_task(10)

Use the result from mapped tasks in a flow

>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     futures = my_task.map([1, 2, 3])
>>>     for x in futures.result():
>>>         print(x)
>>> my_flow()
2
3
4

Enforce ordering between tasks that do not exchange data
>>> @task
>>> def task_1(x):
>>>     pass
>>>
>>> @task
>>> def task_2(y):
>>>     pass
>>>
>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     x = task_1.submit()
>>>
>>>     # task 2 will wait for task_1 to complete
>>>     y = task_2.map([1, 2, 3], wait_for=[x])
>>>     return y

Use a non-iterable input as a constant across mapped tasks
>>> @task
>>> def display(prefix, item):
>>>    print(prefix, item)
>>>
>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     return display.map("Check it out: ", [1, 2, 3])
>>>
>>> my_flow()
Check it out: 1
Check it out: 2
Check it out: 3

Use `unmapped` to treat an iterable argument as a constant
>>> from prefect import unmapped
>>>
>>> @task
>>> def add_n_to_items(items, n):
>>>     return [item + n for item in items]
>>>
>>> @flow
>>> def my_flow():
>>>     return add_n_to_items.map(unmapped([10, 20]), n=[1, 2, 3])
>>>
>>> my_flow()
[[11, 21], [12, 22], [13, 23]]

Source code in src/prefect/tasks.py

def map(
    self,
    *args: Any,
    return_state: bool = False,
    wait_for: Optional[Iterable[PrefectFuture]] = None,
    deferred: bool = False,
    **kwargs: Any,
):
    """
    Submit a mapped run of the task to a worker.

    Must be called within a flow run context. Will return a list of futures
    that should be waited on before exiting the flow context to ensure all
    mapped tasks have completed.

    Must be called with at least one iterable and all iterables must b